批判實存主義與價值中立原則

Critical Realism and Value Neutrality

10.6350/JSSP.200509.0565

郭秋永(Chiu-Yeoung Kuo)

批判實存主義 ； 超驗實存主義 ； 批判自然主義 ； 價值中立原則 ； 社會科學的哲學 ； 科學哲學 ； 方法論 ； critical realism ； transcendental realism ； critical naturalism ； value neutrality ； philosophy of social science ； philosophy of science ； methodology

人文及社會科學集刊

17卷3期（2005 / 09 / 01）

565 - 614

繁體中文

至少自二十世紀五十年代以降，在社會科學的哲學著作中，便有兩個對立陣營。其中一個陣營，乃是「經驗主義」，另外一個陣營，則是「詮釋學派」。數十年來，這兩個對峙陣營之間的重要爭論，雖然早已淪為陳舊課題，但至今依然懸而未決。 八十年代左右，英國科學哲學家Roy Bhaskar提出「批判實存主義」，試圖整合這兩個陣營的對立見解，從而針對這類陳舊問題，提出徹底的明確解答。Bhaskar的努力，已經博得國際學界的廣泛矚目，可惜尚未獲得國內學界的應有重視。依據筆者的淺見，Bhaskar的「批判實存主義」，確實可為當前社會科學的哲學研究，提供一個重新檢視的重要契機。有鑑於此，本文試就「批判實存主義」，進行一系列的扼要評述，進而檢視Bhaskar駁斥「價值中立原則」的繁瑣論證。

Since the 1950's, the most vexing issue in philosophy of social science has been the opposition between two different positions: empiricism and hermeneutic tradition. Recently, the important disputes between these two positions have become outmoded subjects, but the conflict between them is still undecided. Around the eighties, Roy Bhaskar, a philosopher of science in England, proposed 'critical realism', attempting to combine the antithetic opinions of these two positions, to resolve this outmoded problem, and putting forward a clear answer. Bhaskar's effort has already attracted extensive attention from international scholars, but unfortunately not that of Chinese scholars. This author believes that 'critical realism' offers an important opportunity to reexamine the important dispute between these two opposite positions. In view of this, the present article try to evaluate 'critical realism' and its value neutrality principle.

1. 郭秋永(2002)。邏輯實證論、行為主義、及後行為主義:經驗性政治研究的理論基礎。人文及社會科學集刊，4(14)，465-514。
   連結：
2. 郭秋永(2003)。科學哲學中的兩種因果解析。政治與社會哲學評論，4，121-177。
   連結：
3. Benton,Ted(1998).Critical Realism: Essential Readings.New York:Routledge.
4. Benton,Ted,Ian Craib(2001).Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Thought.New York:Palgrave.
5. Bhasker,Roy(1986).Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation.London:Verso.
6. Bhasker,Roy(1975).New Left Review.
7. Bhasker,Roy(1998).Critical Realism: Essential Readings.New York:Routledge.
8. Bhasker,Roy(1997).A Realist Theory of Sciences.
9. Bhasker,Roy(1983).Dictionary of the History of Science.London:Macmillan.
10. Bhasker,Roy(1998).The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences.New York:Routledge.
11. Bhasker,Roy,Tony Lawson(1998).Critical Realism: Essential Readings.New York:Routledge.
12. Burnham,Peter,Karin Gilland,Wyn Grant,Zig Layton-Henry(2004).Research Methods in Politics.New York:Palgrave.
13. Collier,Andrew(1994).Critical Realism: An Introduction to Roy Bhasars's Philosophy.New York:Verso.
14. Collier,Andrew(1989).Scientific Realism and Socialist Thought.Colorado:Lynne Reinner.
15. Connerton,Paul(1980).The Tragedy of Enlightenment: An Essay on the Frankfurt School.New York:Cambridge University Press.
16. Cruickshank,Justin(2003).Critical Realism: The Difference It Makes.New York:Routledge.
17. Curry,Neil(2002).Critical Realism and Marxism.New York:Routledge.
18. Dahl,Robert(1963).Modern Political Analysis.N.J.:Prentice-Hall.
19. Easton,David(1971).The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science.New York:The Free Press.
20. Glaser,Daryl(1995).Theory and Methods in Political Science.New York:St.Martin's.
21. Godfrey-Smith,Peter(2003).Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science.Chicago:The University of Chicago.
22. Hacking,Ian(1993).Representing and Intervening: Indtoductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science.New York:Cambridge University Press.
23. Hare,Richard(1952).The Language of Morals.New York:Oxford University Press.
24. Hay,Colin(2002).Political Analysis.New York:Palgrave.
25. Hempel.Carl(1966).Philosophy of Social Science:.N.J.:Prentice-Hall.
26. How,Alan(2003).Critical Theory.New York:Palgrave.
27. Issac,Jeffrey(1987).Power and Marxist Theory: A Realist View.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
28. Issac,Jeffrey(1990).Realism and Reality: Some Realistic Reconsiderations.Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour,20,1-31.
29. Issac,Jeffrey(1987).Idioms of Inquiry;Critique and Renewal in Political Science.Albany:State University of New York Press.
30. Issak,Alan(1985).Scope and Methods of Political Science.Illinois:The Dorsey Press.
31. Kincaid,Harold(1996).Philosophical Foundations of the Social Science: Analyzing Controversies in Social Research.New York:Cambridge University Press.
32. Kirige,J.(1975).Review of A Realist Theory of Science.Radical Philosophy 12,37-39.
33. Lopez,Jose,John Scott(2000).Social Structure.Philadelphia:Open University Press.
34. Marsh,David,Paul Furlong(2002).Theory and Methods in Political Science.New York:Palgrave.
35. McAnulla,Stuart(2002).Theory and Methods in Political Science.New York:Palgrave.
36. Moon,Donald(1975).Handbook of Political Science.MA:Addison-Wesley.
37. Mukheji,Partha(2000).Methodology in Social Research.New Delhi:Sage.
38. Nagel,Ernest(1961).The Structure of Science.New York:Harcourt,Brace and World.
39. Outhwaite,William(1987).New Philosophies of Social Science: Realism,Hermeneutics, and Critical Theory.London:Macmillan.
40. Plant,Raymond(1991).Modern Political Thought.MA:Basil Blackwell.
41. Porpora,Douglas(1998).Critical Realism: Essential Readings.New York:Routledge.
42. Potter,Garry,Jose Lopez(2001).After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism.New York:Athlone.
43. Putnam,Hilary(1987).The Many Faces of Realism.
44. Sayer,Andrew(1992).Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach.New York:Routledge.
45. Sayer,Andrew(2000).Realism and Social Science.
46. Sayer,Andrew(1998).Critical Realism: Essential Readings.London:Sage.
47. Scott,John(2001).After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism.New York:Athlone.
48. Searle,John(1969).Speech Act: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language.London:Cambridge University Press.
49. Taylor,Charles(1967).Philosophy,Politics and Society.New York:Barnes and Noble.
50. Whitbeck,Caroine(1977).Philosophical Review.
51. 洪漢鼎(2003)。詮釋學史。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
52. 莊錦農、魏中平(1998)。解釋與批判:論批判實存論的科學解釋觀。政治科學論叢，9，121-144。
53. 郭仁孚(1973)。美國政治學研究上的多元主義:行為主義反行為主義及超行為主義。人與社會，46-59。
54. 郭秋永(1981)。政治科學的價值問題:方法論上的分析。中研院社科所叢刊(5)
55. 郭秋永(1993)。政治參與。台北:幼獅出版社。
56. 郭秋永(1988)。政治學方法論研究專集。台北:商務印書館。
57. 郭秋永(2001)。當代三大民主理論。台北:聯經出版事業公司。
58. 馮友蘭(1996)。貞元六書(下)。上海:華東師範大學出版社。

1. 郭秋永(2006)。價值中立：實然與應然之間的糾葛。政治與社會哲學評論，19，153-214。
2. 郭秋永(2008)。行動的意義：一個社會科學的觀念。政治與社會哲學評論，27，105-165。