英文摘要
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This study analyzes four kinds of old-age payment systems in Taiwan (including old-age payments based on the Labor Standards Law, Labor Insurance Act, Labor Pension Act, and the proposed Labor Insurance Annuity System), from a gender perspective in order to explore the extent of gender gaps in old-age payments. Using Monte Carlo simulation analysis, five indicators of pension quality all showed that four kinds of old-age payment systems had gender gaps. Among these four old-age payment systems, the proposed Labor Insurance Annuity System has the least gender gap but has the least amount of payments. In contrast, the individual account system in the Labor Pension Act has greater gender gap, although it can protect both men and women to provide the minimum living standard. In general, an old-age payment system in Taiwan may sustain the existing gender discrimination in the labor market, and lead to women's inferior status in terms of economic security in old age. Our results suggest that a gender equal pension system has the following characteristics: has annuity payment, has higher payout ratio for the early years of service, has no benefits cap on the years of service, the minimum payment is linked to the minimum living standard, designs with widow pension and spouse pension systems, and the payout ratio is determined by a worker's salary related to the average salary of all workers with the same gender as him or her.
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