On Environmental Quality: "Normal" Versus "Luxury" Good

環境品質對消費者而言是奢侈財？亦或正常財？

10.6350/JSSP.201103.0001

賴靜瑤(C. Y. Irene Lai)；楊建成(C. C. Yang)

環境品質 ； 正常財 ； 奢侈財 ； environmental quality ； normal good ； luxury good

人文及社會科學集刊

23卷1期（2011 / 03 / 01）

1 - 14

英文

Kristrom and Riera (1996)發現歐洲各國消費者對環境品質改善願付價格的所得彈性普遍地皆介於0和1之間，因而認爲環境品質爲正常財；然而根據OECD各國投入環境改善支出的所得彈性顯著地大於1的實證數據，Pearce and Palmer (2001)認爲環境品質應爲奢侈財。本文籍由建構一個直覺上易理解的靜態模型成功地調和並解釋Kristrom and Riera(1996)和Pearce and Palmer(2001)兩個看似矛盾的實證現象。

This note considers a simple model in which we reconcile two seem ingly contradictory findings on environmental quality: Kristrom and Riera's (1996) ”normal” good versus Pearce and Palmer's (2001) ”luxury” good.

1. Aldy, J. E.,Kramer, R. A.,Holmes, T. P.(1999).Environmental Equity and the Conservation of Unique Ecosystems: An Analysis of the Distribution of Benefits for Protecting Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Forests.Society and Natural Resources,12,93-106.
2. Andreoni, J.,Levinson, A.(2001).The Simple Analytics of the Environmental Kuznets Curve.Journal of Public Economics,80,269-286.
3. Baumol, W. J.,Oates, W. E.(1988).The Theory of Environmental Policy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
4. Ebert, U.(2003).Environmental Goods and the Distribution of Income.Environmental and Resources Economics,25,435-459.
5. Eriksson, C.,Persson, J.(2003).Economic Growth, Inequality, Democratization, and the Environment.Environmental and Resource Economics,25,1-16.
6. Flores, N. E.,Carson, R. T.(1997).The Relationship between the Income Elasticities of Demand and Willingness to Pay.Journal of Environmental Economics arid Management,33,287-295.
7. Fraas, A. G.,Munley, V. G.(1984).Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,11,28-38.
8. Freeman III, A. M.(1993).The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Value: Theory and Methods.Washington, DC:Resources for Future.
9. Garber, P.(ed.)(1993).The U. S. -Mexico Free Trade Agreement.Cambridge:MIT Press.
10. Goldar, B. S.,Misra, S. ,Mukherji, B.(2001).Water Pollution Abatement Cost Function: Methodological Issues and an Application to Small-scale Factories in an Industrial Estate in India.Environment and Development Economics,6,103-122.
11. Grossman, G. M.,Krueger, A. B.(1995).Economic Growth and the Environment.Quarterly Journal of Economics,110(2),353-377.
12. Hausman, J. A.(ed)(1993).Contingent Valuation: A Critical Assessment.Amsterdam/New York:North-Holland.
13. Hokby, S., Soderqvist, T.(2003).Elasticity of Demand and Willingness to Pay for Environmental Services in Sweden.Environmental and Resource Economics,26,361-383.
14. Kristrom, B.,Riera, P.(1996).Is the Income Elasticity of Environmental Improvements Less than One?.Environmental and Resource Economics,7,45-55.
15. Lopez, R.(1994).The Environment as a Factor of Production: The Effects of Economic Growth and Trade Liberalization.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,27,163-184.
16. Magnani, E.(2000).The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Environmental Protection Policy and Income Distribution.Ecological Economics,32,431-443.
17. Managi, S.(2006).Are There Increasing Returns to Pollution Abatement? Empirical Analytics of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Pesticides.Ecological Economics,58,617-636.
18. McConnell, V. D.,Schwarz, G. E.(1992).The Supply and Demand for Pollution Control: Evidence from Wastewater Treatment.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,23,54-77.
19. McFadden, D.(1994).Contingent Valuation and Social Choice.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,76,689-708.
20. Pearce, D.,Palmer, C.(2001).Public and Private Spending for Environmental Protection: A Cross-country Policy Analysis.Fiscal Studies,22,403-456.
21. Ready, R. C., Malzubris, J.,Senkane, S.(2002).The Relationship between Environmental Values and Income in a Transition Economy: Surface Water Quality in Latvia.Environment and Development Economics,7,147-156.
22. Stern, D. I.(2004).The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve.World Development,32,1419-1439.
23. Yandle, B.,Bjattarai, M.,Vijayaraghavan, M.(2004).Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Review of Findings, Methods, and Policy Implications.Montana:Property and Environment Research Center.