题名

不平等的災難:921地震下的受災風險與社會階層化

并列篇名

Unequal Disaster: Hazard and Social Stratification in an Earthquake

DOI

10.6350/JSSP.201206.0193

作者

張宜君(Yi-Chun Chang);林宗弘(Thung-Hong Lin)

关键词

社會脆弱性 ; 災難 ; 階級 ; 族群 ; 社會階層化 ; 處方迴歸 ; social vulnerability ; disaster ; class ; ethnicity ; social stratification ; treatment regression

期刊名称

人文及社會科學集刊

卷期/出版年月

24卷2期(2012 / 06 / 01)

页次

193 - 231

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本文以1999年臺灣921地震為例,討論社會不平等如何導致受災風險的差異,以及災後重建對社會不平等的影響。從社會脆弱性的觀點出發,我們認為階級、族群與城鄉差距是造成民眾受災風險差異的主要因素,並且造成了災後的社會不平等。本研究採用「臺灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」(Taiwan Education Panel Survey)2001年調查之第一波國中學生及家長問卷,該調查標示了部分受災戶。我們發現地震災害的風險確實不是中立的,首先,臺灣的低技術工人與自營作業者(包括部分農民)特別容易受災、資本家與經理人則較少受災,原住民與客家族群在地震中傷亡比率也偏高;此外,城市居民的受災風險遠低於鄉村居民。其次,為了同時控制風險分布並估計災後重建的影響,我們引進了處方迴歸模型來估計在地震發生兩年之後,受災戶與非受災戶兒童的幸福感以及心理憂鬱程度、家戶所得、家庭遭受經濟危機的機率的差異。結果發現,雖然受災戶家庭及學童在上述四個方面都比非受災戶更糟,但是將受災風險隨機化之後,災後重建的過程並沒有導致上述指標的惡化。換句話說,災區內的社會不平等不是來自災後重建過程,而是來自受災風險的不平等,易於受災使得弱勢者更弱勢。這個結論建議,災後重建不應只給予受災戶補償,而應改善災區的社會不平等。

英文摘要

Taking the aftermath of Chi-chi earthquake in 1999 as an example, the article investigates the social stratification of disaster hazard and its consequences on social inequality. Following the literature on ”social vulnerability,” we argue that class, ethnicity and uneven rural-urban development shaped the unequal distribution of disaster hazards, which led to social inequality in the affected area. We use the first wave of the Taiwan Education Pan el Survey (TEPS), a national dataset of high school students collected in 2001, and identified the affected households in the statistics. It is found that the hazard is not neutral but is robustly associated with class, ethnicity and the rural areas. The households from the working class, peasants and self-employed origins were more likely to be affected, while those from the capitalist and manager origins suffered less from the earthquake. Minorities from aboriginal and Hakka were more likely to suffer, while urban resident s were less likely to be affected the disaster.To estimate the redistributive effects in the process of reconstruction, we introduce the treatment regression mode l for the control of the risk inequality. Modeling the household income, economic crisis, self-reported happiness and depression, we find that the victims were worse off two years alter the earthquake. However, once the treatment model randomized the hazards, the differences between the affected families and the non-affected families disappeared. The outcomes suggest that the deterioration of social inequality mostly result s from the unequal distribution of hazard rather than the redistribution in the reconstruction. The conclusion also implies that for reducing the unequal hazard, the reconstruction strategy for the affected area should focus not only on the compensation of the victims, but also on the re forms of primarily social inequalities.

主题分类 人文學 > 人文學綜合
社會科學 > 社會科學綜合
参考文献
  1. 吳杰穎(2009)。非結構式減災措施運用於空間規劃與管理之研究。第13屆國土規劃論壇學術研討會,台南:
    連結:
  2. 吳英璋、許文耀(2004)。災難心理反應及其影響因子之文獻探討。臨床心理學刊,12,85-96。
    連結:
  3. 莫拉克獨立新聞平台2009 2010年5月19日,取自http://www.88news.org/
  4. 經濟部水利署2009 〈莫拉克颱風暴雨量及洪流量分析〉。謝志誠之觀察學習與經驗分享網站,2010年5 月19 日,取自http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/88pdf/A8801RAIN.pdf
  5. 張苙雲2003 〈台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫:第一波2001 學生資料【公共使用版電子檔】、家長資料【公共使用版電子檔】〉。台北:中央研究院調查研究專題中心【管理、釋出單位】。
  6. 戶政司2010 〈莫拉克颱風八八水災死亡、失蹤及重傷統計〉。謝志誠之觀察學習與經驗分享網站,2010 年5 月19 日,取自http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/88pdf/A8801M.html
  7. Adger, W. N.(2006).Vulnerability.Global Environmental Change,16(3),268-281.
  8. Brooks, N.,Adger, W. N.,Kelly, P. M.(2005).The Determinants of Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity at the National Level and the Implications for Adaptation.Global Environmental Change Part A1,5(2),151-163.
  9. Chen, S. H.,Wu, Y. C.(2006).Changes of PTSD Symptoms and School Reconstruction: A Two-Year Prospective Study of Children and Adolescents after the Taiwan 921 Earthquake.Natural Hazards,37,225-244.
  10. Chou, Y. J.,Huang, N.,Lee, C. H.,Tsai, S. L.,Chen, L. S.,Chang, H. J.(2004).Who Is at Risk of Death in an Earthquake?.American Journal of Epidemiology,160(7),688-695.
  11. Chou, Y. J.,Lee, C. H.,Tsai, S. L.,Tsay, J. H.,Chen, L. S.(2003).Suicides after the 1999 Taiwan Earthquake.International Journal of Epidemiology,32,1007-1014.
  12. Cutter, S. L.(1996).Societal Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards.International Social Science Journal,47(4),525-536.
  13. Cutter, S. L.(2003).The Vulnerability of Science and the Science of Vulnerability.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,93(1),1-12.
  14. Cutter, S. L.,Boruff, B. J.,Shirley, W. L.(2003).Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards.Social Science Quarterly,84(1),242-261.
  15. Cutter, S. L.,Emrich, C. T.(2006).Moral Hazard, Social Catastrophe: The Changing Face of Vulnerability along the Hurricane Coasts.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,604,102-112.
  16. Daniels, R. J.(ed.) ,Kettl, D. F.(ed.) ,Kunreuther, H.(ed.)(2006).On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina.Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press..
  17. Diaz, H. F.(ed.),Murnane, R. J.(ed.)(2008).Climate Extremes and Society.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  18. Drabek, T. E.(1986).Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings.New York:Springer-Verlog.
  19. Drabek, T. E.,Boggs, K. S.(1968).Families in Disaster: Reactions and Relatives.Journal of Marriage and Family,30(3),443-451.
  20. Fischer, H. W. ,III.(1998).Response to Disaster: Fact versus Fiction & Its Perpetuation-The Sociology of Disaster.Lanham:University Press of America.
  21. Frangakis, C. E.,Rubin, D. B.(1999).Addressing Complications of Intention-to-Treat Analysis in the Combined Presence of All-or-None Treatment-Noncompliance and Subsequent Missing Out comes.Biometrika,86(2),365-379.
  22. Gist, R.(ed.) ,Lubin, B.(ed.)(1999).Response to Disaster: Psychosocial, Community, and Ecological Approaches.Philadelphia:Brunner/Mazel.
  23. Haas, J. E.(ed.),Kates, R. W.(ed.),Bowden, M. J.(ed.)(1977).Reconstruction Following Disaster.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
  24. Heckman, J. J.(1979).Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.Economitrica,47(1),153-162.
  25. Jha, A. K.,Barenstein, J. D.,Phelps, P. M.,Pittet, D.,Sena, S.(2010).Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters.Washington DC:World Bank.
  26. Jones, E. C.(ed.),Murphy, A. D.(ed.)(2009).The Political Economy of Hazards and Disasters.Lanham:Alta Mira Press.
  27. Merton, R. K.(ed.),Nisbet, R. A.(1961).Contemporary Social Problems.NY:Harcourt.
  28. Nolen-Hoeksema, S.,Morrow, J.(1991).A Prospective Study of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms after a Natural Disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61,115-121.
  29. Oliver-Smith, A.(1996).Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters.Annual Review of Anthropology,25(1),303-328.
  30. Özerdem, A.,Jacoby, T.(2006).Disaster Management and Civil Society: Earthquake Relief in Japan, Turkey and India.London:I. B. Tauris.
  31. Quarantelli, E. L.(1988).Disaster Crisis Management: A Summary of Research Findings.Journal of Management Studies,25,373-385.
  32. Quarantelli, E. L.(1960).Images of Withdrawal Behavior in Disasters: Some Basic Misconceptions.Social Problems,8(1),68-79.
  33. Quarantelli, E. L.(1960).A Note on the Protective Function of the Family in Disasters.Marriage and Family Living,22(3),263-264.
  34. Quarantelli, E. L.(ed.)(1998).What Is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question.London:Routledge.
  35. Quarantelli, E. L.(ed.)(1998).What Is a Disaster ? Perspectives on the Question.London:Routledge.
  36. Ranci, C.(2010).Social Vulnerability in Europe: The New Configuration of Social Risks.NY:Palgrave Macmillan.
  37. Rodriguez, H.(ed.),Quarantelli, E. L.(ed.),Dynes , R. R.(ed.)(2007).Handbook of Disaster Research.New York:Springer.
  38. Rubin, D. B.(1978).Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects: The Role of Randomization.The Annals of Statistics,6(1),34-58.
  39. Rubonis, A. V.,Bickman, L.(1991).Psychological Impairment in the Wake of Disaster: The Disaster-Psychopathology Relationship.Psychological Bulletin,109(3),384-399.
  40. Sen, A.(1980).Description as Choice.Oxford Economic Papers,32(3),353-369.
  41. Stalling, R. A.(2002).Weberian Political Sociology and Sociological Disaster Studies.Sociological Forum,17(2),281-305.
  42. Tierney, K. J.(2007).From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads.Annual Review of Sociology,33,503-525.
  43. Torry, W. I.(1979).Hazards, Hazes and Holes: A Critique of the Environment as Hazard and General Reflections on Disaster Research.The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe Canadien,23(4),368-383.
  44. Winship, C.,Morgan, S.(1999).The Estimation of Causal Effects from Observational Data.Annual Review of Sociology,25,659-706.
  45. Wisner, B.,Blaikie, P.,Cannon, T.,Davis, I.(2004).At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters.NY:Routledge.
  46. Wright, E. O.(1985).Classes.London:Verso.
  47. Yang, C. H.,Xirasagar, S.,Chung, H. C.,Huang, Y. T.,Lin, H. C.(2005).Suicides Trends Following the Taiwan Earthquake of 1999: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,112,442-448.
  48. 行政院九二一震災災後重建推動委員會(2006)。九二一震災重建經驗。南投:國史館台灣文獻館。
  49. 吳杰穎、江宜錦(2008)。台灣天然災害統計指標體系建構與分析。地理學報,51,65-84。
  50. 林宗弘(2009)。台灣的後工業化:階級結構的轉型與社會不平等,1992-2007。台灣社會學刊,43,93-158。
  51. 林宗弘(2010)。災後重建的政治:以中國汶川地震為案例的分析。2010台灣社會學年會暨國科會專題研究成果發表會,台北新莊:
  52. 林美容編、丁仁傑編、詹素娟編(2004)。災難與重建:九二一震災與社會文化重建論文集,台北:
  53. 陳亮全、吳杰穎、劉怡君、李宜樺(2007)。土石流潛勢區內居民疏散避難行為與決策之研究─以泰利颱風為例。中華水土保持學報,384,325-340。
  54. 單信瑜(2005)。內政部消防署委託研究報告內政部消防署委託研究報告,台北:內政部消防署。
  55. 湯京平(2001)。災難、官僚與民主:台灣九二一震災援救的政治與制度分析。中國行政評論,111,67-98。
  56. 湯京平、蔡允棟、黃紀(2002)。災難與政治:九二一地震中的集體行為與災變情境的治理。政治科學論叢,16,137-162。
  57. 葉高華(2010)。臺灣環境災害的社會脆弱性評估。2010臺灣社會學年會暨國科會專題研究成果發表會,台北新莊:
被引用次数
  1. 陳麗旭,張景福(2023)。公共基礎建設對廠商生產力的影響:以921地震的自然試驗為例。經濟研究,59(2),215-260。
  2. 鄧湘漪(2020)。部落職:朝向集體權利的原住民族社會工作。社會政策與社會工作學刊,24(1),1-34。
  3. 官大偉(2015)。原住民生態知識與當代災害管理以石門水庫上游集水區之泰雅族部落為例。地理學報,76,97-132。
  4. 許耿銘(2014)。城市氣候風險治理評估指標建構之初探。思與言:人文與社會科學雜誌,52(4),203-258。
  5. 許耿銘(2017)。都市水患風險脆弱性之初探 臺南市空間與非空間因素的分析。政治科學論叢,74,149-192。
  6. 黃彥宜,陳昭榮,王櫻芬(2019)。埔里新住民的社會復原力:以921地震為例。臺灣社會福利學刊,15(1),87-124。
  7. 林文苑(2018)。社經統合資料空間化與網格化災害脆弱度圖層之城鄉差異評估。災害防救科技與管理學刊,7(2),81-126。
  8. 林宗弘(2019)。數位貧窮與天災風險資訊來源:來自臺灣傳播調查的證據。新聞學研究,138,131-162。
  9. 林宗弘,周偉賢(2019)。社會資本、制度創新與九二一災後集合住宅重建。中華心理衛生學刊,32(4),367-405。
  10. 劉昌德、張春炎(2017)。探索風險社會下的反身性知識技能:以日本311災難報導經驗和專業反思為例。科技、醫療與社會,25,63-118。
  11. 劉季宇、詹忠翰、葉錦勳、張宜君、胡伯維、林冠慧、林宗弘(2017)。地震、屋毀與傷亡:集集地震風險的因果分析。都市與計劃,44(1),83-112。
  12. 台邦.撒沙勒,王宏仁,巴清雄(2021)。魯凱族的道德經濟:社會組織、傳統農耕與災害應對。人文及社會科學集刊,33(3),451-490。
  13. 涂建翊,林貝珊,宋郁玲(2018)。以社會脆弱性與韌性建構脆弱性單元的可能性分析臺灣中部地區強降雨災害為例。地理學報,89,1-42。
  14. 吳嘉苓(2015)。永久屋前搭涼棚:災後家屋重建的建築設計與社會改造。科技、醫療與社會,20,9-74。
  15. 蕭新煌、許耿銘(2015)。探析都市氣候風險的社會指標:回顧與芻議。都市與計劃,42(1),59-86。
  16. 蕭新煌、許耿銘、紀駿傑(2016)。氣候變遷、世代正義與永續性:概念、指標與政策。臺灣經濟預測與政策,46(2),259-285。
  17. 蕭新煌、許耿銘、林宗弘(2018)。邁向世界風險社會?台灣民眾的社會資本、風險感知與風險因應行為。調查研究:方法與應用,40,127-166。
  18. 葉高華(2013)。社會脆弱性可解釋九二一地震死亡率分布嗎?。思與言:人文與社會科學雜誌,51(1),135-153。
  19. 葉欣誠、楊樺、張春炎(2015)。自然災難與媒體建構:以TVBS 新聞為例,重探八八風災新聞論述。環境教育研究,11(1),1-30。
  20. 張長義、林冠慧(2015)。脆弱性研究的演變與當前發展。地理學報,77,49-82。
  21. 張燕雲,王鑫(2023)。地方依附的縫補-以921大地震後的台中市霧峰區為例。華岡地理學報,35,60-83。
  22. (2016)。「救急」的媒介溝通效果:以災難新聞為例。傳播與社會學刊,38,37-82。
  23. (2023)。脆弱家庭社區兒少據點與跳島效應:以兒童的社會空間習得經驗為視角。國家發展研究,23(1),1-53。