醫院與大學在家族企業集團股權鏈之角色：制度與資源依賴觀點的辯證

The Role of Hospitals and Universities in Share-holding Chains in Family Business Groups: A Dialogue between Institutional and Resource Dependence Viewpoints

10.6350/JSSP.201209.0399

鍾喜梅(Hsi-Mei Chung)；鄭力軒(Li-Hsuan Cheng)；詹淑婷(Shu-Ting Chan)；林佳慧(Chia-Hui Lin)

家族企業集團 ； 制度理論 ； 資源依賴理論 ； 非營利組織 ； 金字塔股權結構 ； family business group ； institutional theory ； resource dependence theory ； non-profit organization ； pyramidal ownership structure

人文及社會科學集刊

24卷3期（2012 / 09 / 01）

399 - 438

繁體中文

家族經營為企業常見的治理摸式，而大型家族企業集團內的金字塔股權結構設計，攸關控制家族能否有效掌握跨足不同產業範疇的子公司。本研究從制度理論與資源依賴觀點，以台灣七個家族企業集團為分析對象，透過近二十年的跨時資料，嘗試了解家族企業集團興辦醫院或大學除了公益目的之外，是否存在強化家族控制權，避免股權分散，以及永續掌握企業股權的其他目的。研究結果顯示，在涵括醫院、大學與企業等不同場域的家族企業集團當中，家族對集團自行成立的醫院與大學有很強的控制程度，家族可透過設立醫院或大學，達到永續掌握企業經營權與股權之目的。家族可透過家族成員、基金會或核心公司直接持股醫院或大學，由於醫院或大學可能是集團內核心公司或其他子公司的股東，因此家族可透過醫院或大學，間接持有核心公司與其他集團內重要子公司的股權。設立醫院或大學，是家族企業集團股權控制方式的一種可能選擇。本研究對於思考醫院與大學在家族企業集團控股關係中所扮演的角色，具有相當意義與價值。

Family governance is a kind of typical governance structure in large business groups and small to medium-sized business enterprises around the world. One distinctive phenomenon in family business groups in Taiwan is that some may utilize hospitals or universities in a cross-sharing role in a pyramidal ownership structure. This research tries to examine the role of hospital and the University in the pyramidal ownership structure in a family business group from the institutional and the resource dependence theory viewpoints. Analyzing over 20 years of data, the results indicate that the controlling family may own the hospital or university's shares by family members or associations directly. Furthermore, the hospital or the university is usually the majority shareholder of key affiliate firms in the family business group. Therefore, the controlling family may utilize the hospital or university to sustain the shareholdings and management in those key affiliate firms in this family business group. This research provides insights in discussing the hospital and the university role in control and strategic implications in large family business groups.

1. 李宗榮(2007)。在國家權力與家族主義之間：企業控制與台灣大型企業間網絡再探。台灣社會學，13，173-242。
   連結：
2. 柯志哲、許建彬(2008)。企業因應勞退新制策略之探討：整合資源依賴理論及新制度論的分析。台灣社會學，16，49-95。
   連結：
3. 鍾喜梅、林佳慧(2009)。家族企業集團接班資源與角色鑲嵌關係：網絡觀點之初探。組織與管理，2，155-195。
   連結：
4. 鍾喜梅、葉家豪(2010)。家族連結、政商關係與多角化擴張：台灣家族企業集團的跨時分析。組織與管理，3，67-106。
   連結：
5. 瞿宛文、洪嘉瑜(2002)。自由化與企業集團化的趨勢。台灣社會研究季刊，47，33-83。
   連結：
6. 姚惠珍 2010 〈長庚醫院 王永在將續掌舵〉。蘋果日報，2010 年 9 月 28 日，取自 http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/32844490/IssueID/20100928
7. 王莫昀 2008 〈王永在將接任長庚醫院董事長〉。中國時報，2008年11月19日，取自http://forums.chinatimes.com/money/9709fpg-king/04/97111901.htm
8. Almeida, Heitor V.,Wolfenzon, Daniel(2006).A Theory of Pyramidal Ownership and Family Business Group.Journal of Finance,61(6),2637-2680.
9. Anderson, Ronald C.,Reeb, David M.(2004).Board Composition: Balancing Family Influence in S&P 500 Firms.Administrative Science Quarterly,49(2),209-237.
10. Banerji, Kunal,Sambharya, Rakesh B.(1996).Vertical Keiretus and International Market Entry: The Case of the Japanese Automobile Ancillary.Journal of International Business Studies,27(1),89-113.
11. Barney, Jay(1991).Firm Resource and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of Management,17(1),99-120.
12. Casciaro, Tiziana,Piskorski, Mikotaj J.(2005).Power Imbalance, Mutual Dependence, and Constraint Absorption: A Closer Look at Resource Dependence Theory.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(2),167-199.
13. Chang, Se-jin(ed.)(2006).Business Groups in East Asia: Financial Crisis, Restructuring, and New Growth.New York:Oxford University Press.
14. Claessens, Stijn,Djankov, Simeon,Lang, Larry H. P.(2000).The Separation of Ownership and Control in East Asian Corporations.Journal of Financial Economics,58(1-2),81-112.
15. Claessens, Stijn,Fan, Joseph P. H.,Djankov, Simeon,Lang, Larry H. P.(1999).Expropriation of Minority Shareholders: Evidence from East Asia.Washington, DC:World Bank.
16. DiMaggio, Paul J.(ed.),Powell, Walter W.(ed.)(1991).The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
17. DiMaggio, Paul J.,Powell, Walter W.(1983).The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.American Sociological Review,48(2),147-160.
18. Godfrey, P. C.(2005).The Relationship between Corporate Philanthropy and Shareholder Wealth: A Risk Management Perspective.Academy of Management Review,30(4),777-798.
19. Gómez-Mejía, Luis R.,Haynes, Katalin Takacs,Núñez-Nickel, Manuel,Jacobson, Kathyrn J. L.,Moyano-Fuentes, Jose(2007).Socio Emotional Wealth and Business Risks in Family-controlled Firms: Evidence from Spanish Olive Oil Mills.Administrative Science Quarterly,52(1),106-137.
20. Gómez-Mejía, Luis R.,Makri, Marianna,Kintana, Martin Larraza(2010).Diversification Decision in Family-controlled Firms.Journal of Management Studies,47,223-252.
21. Granovetter, Mark(1995).Coase Revisited: Business Groups in the Modern Economy.Industrial and Corporate Change,4(1),93-140.
22. James, Harold(2006).Family Capitalism: Wendels, Haniels, Falcks, and the Continental European Model.Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
23. Khanna, Tarun,Rivkin, Jan W.(2001).Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets.Strategic Management Journal,22(1),45-74.
24. Kim, Hicheon,Hoskisson, Robert E.,Wan, William P.(2004).Power Dependence, Diversification Strategy, and Performance in Keiretsu Member Firms.Strategic Management Journal,25(7),613-636.
25. La Porta, Rafael,Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio,Shleifer, Andrei(1999).Corporate Ownership around the World.Journal of Finance,54(2),471-517.
26. Levy, Marc(2009).Control in Pyramidal Structures.Corporate Governance: An International Review,17(1),77-89.
27. Luo, Xiaowei,Chung, Chi-nien(2005).Keeping It All in the Family: The Role of Particularistic Relationships in Business Group Performance during Institutional Transition.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(3),404-439.
28. Mahoney, James(2003).Strategies ofCausal Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis.Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences,New York:
29. Meyer, John W.,Rowan, Brian(1977).Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.American Journal of Sociology,83(2),340-363.
30. Miller, Danny,Le-Breton-Miller, Isabelle(2005).Managing for the Long Run: Lessons in Competitive Advantage from Great Family Businesses.Boston:Harvard Business School Press.
31. Mills, C. Wright(1959).The Sociological Imagination.New York:Oxford University Press.
32. Morck, Randall,Wolfenzon, Daniel,Yeung, Bernard(2005).Corporate Governance, Economic Entrenchment, and Growth.Journal of Economic Literature,43(3),655-720.
33. Morck, Randall,Yeung, Bernard(2003).Agency Problems in Large Family Business Groups.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practices,27(4),367-382.
34. Neuman, Lawrence W.(2005).Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.Boston, MA:Allyn & Bacon Press.
35. Oliver, Christine(1991).Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes.The Academy of Management Review,16(1),145-179.
36. Penrose, Edith(1995).The Theory of the Growth of the Firm.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
37. Pfeffer, Jeffrey,Salancik, Gerald R.(1978).The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective.New York:Stanford University Press.
38. Sambharya, Rakesh B.,Banerji, Kunal(2006).The Effect of Keiretsu Affiliation and Resource Dependencies on Supplier Firm Performance in the Japanese Automobile Industry.Management International Review,46(1),7-37.
39. Scott, Richard W.(1987).The Adolescence of Institutional Theory.Administrative Science Quarterly,32(4),493-511.
40. Scott, Richard W.(2008).Institutions and Organizations: Ideas and Interests.London:Sage Publications Ltd.
41. Scott, Richard W.,Ruef, Martin,Mendel, Perter J.,Caronna, Carol A.(2000).Institutional Change and Healthcare Organizations: From Professional Dominance to Managed Care.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
42. Selznick, Philip(1996).Institutionalism Old and New.Administrative Science Quarterly,41(2),270-277.
43. Skocpol, Theda(1979).States and Social Revolutions.New York:Cambridge University Press.
44. Stevens, Mitchell L.,Armstrong, Elizabeth A.,Arum, Richard(2008).Sieve, Incubator, Temple, Hub: Empirical and Theoretical Advances in the Sociology of Higher Education.Annual Review of Sociology,34,127-151.
45. Tolbert, Pamela S.(1985).Institutional Environments and Resource Dependence: Sources of Administrative Structure in Institutions of Higher Education.Administrative Science Quarterly,30(1),1-13.
46. Villalonga, Belen,Amit, Raphael(2006).How Do Family Ownership, Control and Management Affect Firm Value?.Journal of Financial Economics,80(2),385-417.
47. Yeh, Yin-hua,Lee, Tsun-siou,Woidtke, Tracie(2001).Family Control and Corporate Governance: Evidence for Taiwan.International Review of Finance,2(1-2),21-48.
48. Yiu, Daphne,Bruton, Garry D.,Lu, Yuan(2005).Understanding Business Group Performance in an Emerging Economy: Acquiring Resources and Capabilities in Order to Prosper.Journal of Management Studies,42(1),183-206.
49. Young, Michael N.,Peng, Mike W.,Ahlstrom, David,Bruton, Garry D.,Jiang, Yi(2008).Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies: A Review for the Principal-principal Perspective.Journal of Management Studies,45(1),196-220.
50. 中華徵信所(2009)。2007 台灣地區大型集團企業研究。台北:中華徵信所。
51. 余文彬(2005)。公益信託與公益財團法人運用之比較。稅務旬刊，1940，37-39。
52. 吳萬益、鄭永忠、江正信(2000)。大型教學醫院組織文化、內部激勵與控制制度對經營績效之影響研究。輔仁管理評論，7，103-130。
53. 呂國禎(2006)。90歲王永慶的台塑接班布局。商業周刊，953
54. 周冠印(2004)。35年老醫院起死回生。TVBS周刊，335
55. 官有垣(2000)。非營利組織在臺灣的發展：兼論政府對財團法人基金會的法令規範。中國行政評論，10，75-108。
56. 林惠君(1993)。企業懸壺，醫院換妝。遠見雜誌，90
57. 林綺雲(2002)。制度學派的理論反思：台灣教育組織的變革經驗。行政院國家科學委員會87- 89年度社會學門專題補助研究成果發表會論文集，台北:
58. 張苙雲(1995)。組織的轉型與結盟：兼論醫療產業競爭氣候的形成與激化。人文及社會科學研究彙刊，5，94-112。
59. 張苙雲、朱永昌(1994)。組織場域的浮現：台灣醫療產業的研究（一）。民族學研究所集刊，77，157-192。
60. 許崇源、李怡宗、林宛瑩、鄭桂蕙(2003)。控制權與盈餘分配權偏離之衡量（上）。貨幣觀測與信用評等，42，15-31。
61. 許崇源、李怡宗、林宛瑩、鄭桂蕙(2003)。控制權與盈餘分配權偏離之衡量（下）。貨幣觀測與信用評等，43，11-26。
62. 許崇源、林宛瑩、郭學平、林尚志(2003)。複雜交叉持股之典範─力霸東森集團。貨幣觀測與信用評等，44，36-59。
63. 陳月珍(1998)。公益信託與社團法人之比較。華醫管理學報，8，111-120。
64. 陳東升(1992)。制度學派理論對正式組織的解析。社會科學論叢，40，111-133。
65. 蕭新煌編、江明修編、官有垣編(2006)。基金會在台灣：結構與類型。台北:巨流。
66. 鍾喜梅(2011)。台灣金融家族企業集團的控股鏈分析：金融控股公司的角色思考。產業與管理論壇，13，28-45。
67. 瞿宛文、安士敦、朱道凱譯(2003)。超越後進發展：台灣的產業升級策略。台北:聯經。

1. 黃雅琪(2016)。非營利醫療組織的財務操縱－以大型醫療財團法人為例。淡江大學會計學系碩士班學位論文。2016。1-105。