中國農民工與城鎮勞工之薪資差異與歧視

Wage Differential and Discrimination between Urban and Migrant Workers in China

莊奕琦(Yih-Chyi Chuang)；楊孟嘉(Meng-Chia Yang)

流動人口 ； 農民工 ； 戶口制度 ； 薪資差距 ； 歧視 ； floating population ； migrant worker ； Hukou system ； wage differential ； discrimination

人文及社會科學集刊

26卷4期（2014 / 12 / 01）

525 - 553

繁體中文

中國自1978年經濟改革開放以來，由於戶口管理制度限制了農民工的身分與權利，使得城鎮地區的勞動市場產生了二元化的區隔，本文運用2008年「中國農民工研究」的資料，探討中國城鎮地區的勞動市場中，城鎮居民與農民工之間的薪資差異和可能的歧視。不同於一般文獻，本研究將薪資差異分解為樣本選擇性偏誤的差異、個體稟賦的差異、對城鎮勞工族群有利的歧視與對農民工不利的歧視等來源。實證結果顯示，兩者薪資差異只有30-34%是可經由稟賦因素差異所解釋，存在不可解釋部份高達66-70%，其中約有46%是對城鎮居民有利的歧視，54%是對農民工不利的歧視。

Since the economic reform in 1978, China's rapid economic growth was mainly driven by mobilizing rural surplus labor to the urban sector for the process of industrialization and urbanization. However, the implementation of the HuKou (household resgistration) system in 1958 restricted labor mobility across sectors, particularly from the rural to the urban sector, leading to a dualistic development phenomenon in China. This paper adopts data from the 2008 RUMiCI survey to investigate wage differential and discrimination between urban and migrant workers in China using the Oaxaca decomposition method with Heckman's sample selection correction. Our estimation results show that after correction for sample selection, the real wage differential is greater than the observed one. Among the wage differential, 30-40% can be attributed to endowment effects and 66-70% is left unexplained as discrimination effects, of which 46% is in favor of urban labor and 54% is at the disadvantage of migrant labor. However, we also find that the reward for human capital variables such as health, work experience , and education is higher for migrant workers, while on the basis of gender, marital status, job contract, ways to find a job, occupation and industry choice, there exist severe institutional barriers for and discrimination against migrant workers.

1. Minami, Ryoshin 1967 “The Turning Point in the Japanese Economy," Center Discussion Paper, No. 20, The Economic Growth Center, Yale University
2. Appleton, Simon,Knight, John,Song, Lina,Xia, Qingjie(2004).Contrasting Paradigms: Segmentation and Competitiveness in the Formation of the Chinese Labor Market.Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies,2(3),185-205.
3. Becker, Gary S.(1957).The Economics of Discrimination.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
4. Cotton, Jeremiah(1988).On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials.Review of Economics and Statistics,70(2),236-243.
5. Fei, John C. H.,Ranis, Gustav(1975).A Model of Growth and Employment in the Open Dualistic Economy: The Case of Korea and Taiwan.Journal of Development Studies,11(2),32-63.
6. Findlay, C.(ed.),Watson, A.(ed.),Wu, H. X.(ed.)(1994).Rural Enterprises in China.London:Macmillan.
7. Golley, Jane,Meng, Xin(2011).Has China Run Out of Surplus Labour?.China Economic Review,22(4),555-572.
8. Heckman, James(1979).Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.Econometrica,47(1),153-161.
9. Huang, Youqin(2001).Gender, Hukou, and the Occupational Attainment of Female Migrants in China (1985-1990).Environment and Planning A,33(2),257-279.
10. Islam, Nazrul,Yokota, Kazuhiko(2008).Lewis Growth Model and China's Industrialization.Asian Economic Journal,22(4),359-396.
11. Knight, John,Deng, Quheng,Li, Shi(2011).The Puzzle of Migrant Labour Shortage and Rural Labour Surplus in China.China Economic Review,22(4),585-600.
12. Lee, Leng(2012).Decomposing Wage Differentials between Migrant Workers and Urban Workers in Urban China's Labor Markets.China Economic Review,23(2),461-470.
13. Lewis, W. Arthur(1954).Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour.Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies,22(2),139-191.
14. Li, Haizheng,Zahniser, Steven(2002).The Determinants of Temporary Rural-to-Urban Migration in China.Urban Studies,39(12),2219-2235.
15. Lu, Zhigang,Song, Shunfeng(2006).Rural-Urban Migration and Wage Determination: The Case of Tianjin, China.China Economic Review,17(3),337-345.
16. Magnani, Elisabetta,Zhu, Rong(2012).Gender Wage Differentials among Rural-Urban Migrants in China.Regional Science and Urban Economics,42(5),779-793.
17. Meng, Xin(1998).Gender Occupational Segregation and Its Impact on the Gender Wage Differential among Rural-Urban Migrants: A Chinese Case Study.Applied Economics,30(6),741-752.
18. Meng, Xin,Zhang, Junsen(2001).The Two-Tier Labor Market in Urban China: Occupational Segregation and Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Shanghai.Journal of Comparative Economics,29(3),485-504.
19. Minami, Ryoshin(1967).Population Migration Away from Agricultural in Japan.Economic Development and Cultural Change,15(2),183-201.
20. Neuman, Shoshana,Oaxaca, Ronald L.(2004).Wage Decompositions with Selectivity-Corrected Wage Equations: A Methodological Note.Journal of Economic Inequality,2(1),3-10.
21. Oaxaca, Ronald L.(1973).Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets.International Economic Review,14(3),693-709.
22. Oaxaca, Ronald L.,Ransom, Michael R.(1994).On Discrimination and the Decomposition of Wage Differentials.Journal of Econometrics,61(1),5-21.
23. Research School of Economics(2008).,College of Business & Economics, Australian National University.
24. Wu, Quhui,Wang, Hansheng,Xu, Xinxin(1990).Noneconomic Determinants of Workers' Incomes.China's Rural Industry: Structure, Development, and Reform,New York:
25. Zhao, Yaohui(1999).Labor Migration and Earning Differences: The Case of Rural China.Economic Development and Cultural Change,47(4),767-782.
26. Zhao, Yaohui(1997).Labor Migration and Returns to Rural Education in China.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,79(4),1278-1287.
27. Zhao, Yaohui(2002).Causes and Consequences of Return Migration: Recent Evidence from China.Journal of Comparative Economics,30(2),376-394.
28. Zhao, Yaohui(1999).Leaving the Countryside: Rural-to-Urban Migration Decisions in China.American Economic Review,89(2),281-286.
29. Zhu, Nong(2002).The Impacts of Income Gaps on Migration Decision in China.China Economic Review,13(2-3),213-230.

1. 顧訓豪,莊奕琦(2021)。中國農民工和城市勞工之薪資差異再探－追蹤資料分析。臺灣經濟預測與政策，51(2)，49-90。
2. (2018)。有關係就是沒關係：中國勞動市場中社會網絡對尋職管道與薪資的影響分析。臺灣社會學刊，63，117-160。