康德的自由與自發性

Kant’s Freedom and Spontaneity

劉創馥(Chong-Fuk Lau)

決定論 ； 相容論 ； 因果律 ； 非時間性 ； 兩種面向詮釋 ； determinism ； compatibilism ； causality ； non-temporality ； twoaspect interpretation

人文及社會科學集刊

28卷1期（2016 / 03 / 01）

105 - 132

繁體中文

本文分析康德的自由理論，把它解釋為一種獨特的相容論。康德認為要解決自由與因果決定論的衝突，必須接受現象與物自身的區分。不少學者把這區分視為兩種不同的存有領域，然後在這基礎上討論康德的自由理論；但本文嘗試論證，把上述區分視為兩種理解或描述事物的方式，才能把握康德自由理論的精髓。本文亦將指出康德的自由概念不僅是其道德哲學，而是整個理論哲學的基礎，箇中關鍵是理解康德的「自發性」概念，視之為思想與認知能力的自由，這樣才能理解為何康德會聲稱，「自由」概念構成整個理性體系的拱頂石。

This paper analyzes Kant’s theory of freedom, interpreting it as a peculiar form of compatibilism. Kant maintains that the distinction between appearances and things in themselves is necessary for resolving the antinomy between freedom and causal determinism. Many scholars consider it a distinction between two different ontological realms and interpret Kant’s theory of freedom based on it. However, this paper aims to show that the key point of Kant’s theory can only come to light under the two-aspect interpretation. This paper argues that the concept of freedom is not only essential for Kant’s moral philosophy, but also indispensable for his theoretical philosophy. It is crucial to understand Kant’s concept of spontaneity, which means the freedom of thinking and cognition, in order to appreciate in what sense Kant claims that the concept of freedom constitutes the keystone of the whole system of pure reason.

1. 彭文本(2010)。阿利森對康德「自由理論」的詮釋。國立臺灣大學哲學論評，39，149-208。
   連結：
2. 劉創馥(2008)。康德超驗哲學的自我認知問題。國立臺灣大學哲學論評，35，37-82。
   連結：
3. Kant, Immanuel 1900- Gesammelte Schriften. Vols. 1-22, Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.); Vol. 23, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (ed.); Vols. 24-, Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
4. Allison, Henry E.(1992).Kant's Antinomy of Teleological Judgment.The Southern Journal of Philosophy,30(S1),25-42.
5. Allison, Henry E.(1990).Kant's Theory of Freedom.Cambridge, NY:Cambridge University Press.
6. Allison, Henry E.(1983).Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
7. Allison, Henry E.(2004).Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
8. Davidson, Donald(2001).Essays on Actions and Events.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
9. Gram, Moltke S.(ed.)(1982).Interpreting Kant.Iowa City:University of Iowa Press.
10. Guyer, Paul(1987).Kant and the Claims of Knowledge.Cambridge, NY:Cambridge University Press.
11. Harper, William A.(ed.),Meerbote, Ralf(ed.)(1984).Kant on Causality, Freedom, and Objectivity.Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.
12. Hintikka, Jaakko(1962).Cogito, Ergo Sum: Inference or Performance?.The Philosophical Review,71(1),3-32.
13. Hudson, Hud(1994).Kant's Compatibilism.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
14. Hume, David,Norton, David Fate(ed.),Norton, Mary J.(ed.)(2007).A Treatise of Human Nature: A Critical Edition.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
15. Lau, Chong-fuk(2014).Kant's Transcendental Functionalism.The Review of Metaphysics,68(2),371-394.
16. Lau, Chong-fuk(2008).Freedom, Spontaneity and the Noumenal Perspective.Kant-Studien,99(3),312-338.
17. Lau, Chong-fuk(2010).Kant's Epistemological Reorientation of Ontology.Kant Yearbook,2,123-146.
18. Pippin, Robert B.(1987).Kant on the Spontaneity of Mind.Canadian Journal of Philosophy,17(2),449-476.
19. Sgarbi, Marco(2012).Kant on Spontaneity.London:Continuum.
20. Srzednicki, Jan T. J.(ed.)(1987).Stephan Körner: Philosophical Analysis and Reconstruction.Dordrecht:Martinus Nijhoff.
21. Strawson, Peter F.(1950).On Referring.Mind,59(235),320-344.
22. Walker, Ralph C. S.(1978).Kant: The Arguments of the Philosophers.London:Routledge.
23. Westphal, Kenneth R.(1997).Noumenal Causality Reconsidered: Affection, Agency, and Meaning in Kant.Canadian Journal of Philosophy,27(2),209-245.
24. Wood, Allen W.(ed.)(1984).Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.

1. 林薰香(2019)。論海德格對康德「敬重」之詮釋－《現象學基本問題》和《康德與形上學問題》之研究。國立臺灣大學哲學論評，58，119-163。
2. 劉創馥(2021)。康德的超驗觀念論與經驗實在論。東吳哲學學報，43，1-32。
3. 劉創馥(2022)。康德超驗心理學與形上學的統合。歐美研究，52(1)，83-115。
4. (2022)。從自由之實現到世界政府：論康德與黑格爾之國際秩序概念。政治大學哲學學報，47，77-114。