審議造就積極公民？公民審議、社會資本與政治參與

Does Deliberation Foster Civic Activism? Public Deliberation, Social Capital and Political Engagement

林國明(Kuo-Ming Lin)

審議民主 ； 公民會議 ； 社會資本 ； 政治參與 ； 公民社會 ； deliberative democracy ； consensus conference ； social capital ； political participation ； civil society

人文及社會科學集刊

28卷2期（2016 / 06 / 01）

133 - 177

繁體中文

本文針對臺灣六場全國性公共審議的參與者，在數年後，進行追蹤調查，發現這群公民的政治參與程度長期而言並未提昇。另外，我也檢視，什麼因素，使得參與審議的公民，在審議過後，政治參與的涉入程度有所不同？我分析政治參與程度和前後變化幅度是否受到審議經驗的評價和社會資本變項的影響。研究結果顯現，審議經驗的評價沒有顯著效果，參加公益性社團可以顯著提高參與者的政治參與程度。結論指出，如果公民在日常生活和社會交往中，缺乏經常性的參與機會，一次性的審議經驗，長期而言並無法顯著提昇參與者整體的政治參與程度。

It has long been held that public deliberation can foster the civic activism required for a healthy democracy. However, the claim has not been rigorously tested. Using a follow-up study of participants in six events of civic deliberation in Taiwan, this paper constructs objective indicators to measure the long-term effects of deliberation on political participation. It is found that the participants' levels of political engagement did not significantly increase after deliberation, and that participants who were members of public-interest associations have higher levels of political participation and are more likely to increases political engagement after deliberation. The paper concludes that it is the opportunities of participation offered by social interactions in daily life, rather than the one-time experience of deliberation, that are more likely to foster civic activism.

1. 王仕圖(2007)。社區行非營利組織資源動員與整合：以社區發展協會為例。台灣社會福利學刊，5(2)，103-137。
   連結：
2. 林明禎(2011)。中介團體：台灣社區發展的運作難題與另類選擇。社會政策與社會工作學刊，15(1)，137-166。
   連結：
3. 林國明(2013)。多元的公民審議如何可能？—程序主義與公民社會觀點。臺灣民主季刊，10(4)，137-183。
   連結：
4. 林國明(2009)。國家、公民社會與審議民主：公民會議在台灣的實踐經驗。台灣社會學，17，161-217。
   連結：
5. 林國明、陳東升(2003)。公民會議與審議民主：全民健保的公民參與經驗。台灣社會學，6，61-118。
   連結：
6. 黃東益(2008)。審議過後—從行政部門觀點探討公民會議的政策連結。東吳政治學報，26(4)，59-96。
   連結：
7. 黃東益、李翰林、施佳良(2007)。「搏感情」或「講道理」：公共審議中參與者自我轉化機制之探討。東吳政治學報，25(1)，39-71。
   連結：
8. 黃源協、莊俐昕、劉素珍、林信廷(2012)。社區特性與社區社會資本之研究。臺大社會工作學刊，25，209-254。
   連結：
9. 蔡育軒、陳怡君、王業立(2007)。社區發展協會、選舉動員與地方政治。東吳政治學報，25(4)，93-135。
   連結：
10. The Economist 2014 "What Goes Wrong with Democracy," Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www. economist.com/news/essays/21596796-democracy-was-most-successful-politicalidea- 20th-century-why-has-it-run-trouble-and-what-can-be-do
11. Alexander, Damon Timothy,Barraket, Jo,Lewis, Jenny M.,Considine, Mark(2010).Civic Engagement and Associationalism: The Impact of Group Membership Scope versus Intensity of Participation.European Sociological Review,28(1),1-16.
12. Bohman, James(1996).Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
13. Boix, Carles(ed.),Stokes, Susan G.(ed.)(2007).The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics.Oxford:Oxford University Press..
14. Bowler, Shaun,Donovan, Todd,Hanneman, Robert(2003).Art for Democracy's Sake? Group Membership and Political Engagement in Europe.Journal of Politics,65(4),1111-1129.
15. Brown, Mark B.(2006).Survey Article: Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation.Journal of Political Philosophy,14(2),203-225.
16. Carpini, Michael X. Delli,Cook, Fay Lomax,Jacobs, Lawrence R.(2004).Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation, and Citizen Engagement: A Review of the Empirical Literature.Annual Review of Political Science,7(1),315-344.
17. Dahl, Robert Alan(2000).On Democracy.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
18. Dahl, Robert Alan(1989).Democracy and Its Critics.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
19. Dalton, Russell J.(2004).Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
20. Dekker, Paul(ed.),Halman, Loek(ed.)(2003).The Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural Perspectives.New York:Springer Science & Business Media.
21. Edwards, Michael(2009).Civil Society..Cambridge:Polity Press.
22. Elkin, Stephen L.(ed.),Soltan, Karol Edward(ed.)(1999).Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions.University Park, PA:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
23. Elster, Jon(ed.)(1998).Deliberative Democracy.New York:Cambridge University Press.
24. Erickson, Bonnie H.,Nosanchuk, Terry A.(1990).How an Apolitical Association Politicizes.Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie,27(2),206-219.
25. Fishkin, James(2009).When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
26. Fishkin, James(1995).The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
27. Flanagan, Constance A.,Bowes, Jennifer M.,Jonsson, Britta,Csapo, Beno,Sheblanova, Elena(1998).Ties That Bind: Correlates of Adolescents' Civic Commitments in Seven Countries.Journal of Social Issues,54(3),457-475.
28. Gastil, John(2000).By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy through Deliberative Elections.Berkeley, CA:University of California Press.
29. Guston, David H.(1999).Evaluating the First U.S. Consensus Conference: The Impact of the Citizens'Panel on Telecommunications and the Future of Democracy.Science, Technology & Human Values,24(4),451-482.
30. Guttman, Amy,Thompson, Dennis(2004).Why Deliberative Democracy.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
31. Hamilton, Stephen F.,Fenzel, L. Mickey(1988).The Impact of Volunteer Experience on Adolescent Social Development: Evidence of Program Effects.Journal of Adolescent Research,3(1),65-80.
32. Hays, Richard Allen(2015).Neighborhood Networks, Social Capital, and Political Participation: The Relationships Revisited.Journal of Urban Affairs,37(2),122-143.
33. Held, David(2006).Models of Democracy.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
34. Howard, Marc Morjé,Gilbert, Leah(2008).A Cross National Comparison of the Internal Effects of Participation in Voluntary Organizations.Political Studies,56(1),12-32.
35. Kayznelson, Ira(ed.),Milner, Helen V.(ed.)(2002).Political Science: State of the Discipline.New York:W.W. Norton & Company.
36. Klesner, Joseph L.(2007).Social Capital and Political Participation in Latin America: Evidence from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru.Latin American Research Review,42(2),1-32.
37. Knoke, David(1990).Networks of Political Action: Toward Theory Construction.Social Forces,68(4),1041-1063.
38. La Due Lake, Ronald,Huckfeldt, Robert(1998).Social Capital, Social Networks, and Political Participation.Political Psychology,19(3),567-584.
39. Leighley, Jan(1996).Group Membership and the Mobilization of Political Participation.The Journal of Politics,58,447-463.
40. McClurg, Scott D.(2003).Social Networks and Political Participation: The Role of Social Interaction in Explaining Political Participation.Political Research Quarterly,56(4),449-464.
41. Mutz, Diana C.(2008).Is Deliberative Democracy a Falsifiable Theory?.Annual Review of Political Science,11,521-538.
42. Norris, Pippa(2011).Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited.New York:Cambridge University Press.
43. Offe, Claus(2011).Crisis and Innovation of Liberal Democracy: Can Deliberation Be Institutionalised?.Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review,47(3),447-472.
44. Ohmer, Mary L.(2007).Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Organizations and Its Relationship to Volunteers' Self- and Collective Efficacy and Sense of Community.Social Work Research,31(2),109-120.
45. Pharr, S. J.,Putnam, R. D.(2000).Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries?.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
46. Putnam, Robert D.(1993).Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
47. Putnam, Robert D.(1995).Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital.Journal of Democracy,6(1),65-78.
48. Putnam, Robert D.(2000).Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York:Simon and Schuster.
49. Seligson, Amber L.(1999).Civic Association and Democratic Participation in Central America: A Test of the Putnam Thesis.Comparative Political Studies,32(3),342-362.
50. Stolle, Dietlind(1998).Bowling Together, Bowling Alone: The Development of Generalized Trust in Voluntary Associations.Political Psychology,19(3),497-525.
51. Teorell, Jan(2006).Political Participation and Three Theories of Democracy: A Research Inventory and Agenda.European Journal of Political Research,45(5),787-810.
52. Teorell, Jan(2003).Linking Social Capital to Political Participation: Voluntary Associations and Networks of Recruitment in Sweden.Scandinavian Political Studies,26(1),49-66.
53. Tocqueville, Alexis de,Mayer, J. P.(ed.),Lawrence, George(trans.)(1988).Democracy in America.New York:Harper Perennial.
54. Torcal, Mariano(ed.),Montero, Jose Ramon(ed.)(2006).Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies: Social Capital, Institutions, and Politics.New York:Routledge.
55. Van Der Meer, Twg Tom,Van Ingen, Ej Erik(2009).Schools of Democracy? Disentangling the Relationship between Civic Participation and Political Action in 17 European Countries.European Journal of Political Research,48(2),281-308.
56. Van Deth, J. W.(2010).Participation in Voluntary Associations: Dark Shades in a Sunny World?.American Behavioral Scientist,53(5),640-656.
57. Verba, Sidney,Nie, Norman H.(1972).Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality.New York:Harper & Row.
58. Verba, Sidney,Schlozman, Kay Lehman,Brady, Henry E.(1995).Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
59. Wilson, John(2000).Volunteering.Annual Review of Sociology,26(1),215-240.
60. Wilson, John,Musick, Marc(1999).The Effects of Volunteering on the Volunteer.Law and Contemporary Problems,62(4),141-168.
61. Wollebæk, Dag,Strømsnes, Kristin(2008).Voluntary Associations, Trust, and Civic Engagement: A Multilevel Approach.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,37(2),249-263.
62. 傅仰止(2014)。公民意識的社會參與效應：志願結社及日常接觸。臺灣社會學刊，55，179-226。
63. 傅仰止、章英華、杜素豪、廖培珊(2015)。,臺北=Taipei:中央研究院社會學研究所=Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica。

1. 陳揚中,李慈瑄,方凱弘(2021)。有參與就有審議嗎？臺北市參與式預算審議討論過程之評估。公共行政學報，61，41-78。
2. 李冠成(2020)。政治情緒與選舉參與：2012年和2016年臺灣總統選舉的經驗分析。人文及社會科學集刊，32(1)，81-122。
3. 阮敬瑩,宋威穎(2020)。政府辦理公民審議對民眾參與態度之影響－以青年政策論壇為例。中國行政評論，26(1)，46-70。
4. 王明輝(2023)。社區實踐作為大學與地方政府的合作機制。中國行政評論，29(3)，6-36。
5. 吳大平(2021)。審議式民主融入大學對話式教學策略初探。實踐博雅學報，32，109-122。
6. (2020)。既是研究者，也是實作者：打造審議民主發展重鎮。台灣社會學，39，216-226。
7. (2020)。審議民主及其不滿：以參與式預算先驅計畫的質疑或反對理由為例（2015-2018）。台灣社會學，40，111-142。
8. (2022)。為民主服務：論中小學教師專業學習社群政策的挑戰與可能。教育行政與評鑑學刊，31，85-122。
9. (2024)。社群媒體社會資本影響網路政治參與的實證分析：以臉書為例。中國地方自治，77(5)，24-56。