The End of a Commercial Era: From the English Junk Affair to the Vietnamese Maritime Embargo in 1693

Hoang Anh Tuan

Tonkin/Vietnam ； East Asia ； early modem period ； maritime trade ； English East India Company

人文及社會科學集刊

30卷2期（2018 / 06 / 01）

279 - 302

英文

According to the English records, on Christmas Day 1693, the King of Tonkin issued an edict forbidding Vietnamese people from leaving the country on board foreign ships. Subsequent developments depicted the Vietnamese Court's strict regulation, ending an era of relatively liberal maritime trade and travel. Surprisingly, the Vietnamese Court's maritime embargo was not recorded anywhere in the Vietnamese chronicles. Using new data retrieved from the English archives, this article highlights the ＂English Junk Affair＂ in 1693 which subsequently led to the Vietnamese Court's imposition of a maritime embargo, practically ending the commercial era of Tonkin. It also places the English misfortune in the context of local socio-economic changes as well as the transformation of the regional maritime commerce which largely contributed to the English withdrawal from northern Vietnam during the late seventeenth century.

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