雅典民主與法治如何相輔相成？以埃斯奇尼斯與德摩特尼斯的法庭演說為例

How Were Athenian Democracy and the Rule of Law Complementary to Each Other? A Case Study of the Law Court Speeches of Aeschines and Demosthenes

黃俊龍(Chun-liong Ng)

雅典民主 ； 法治 ； 埃斯奇尼斯 ； 德摩特尼斯 ； 訟棍 ； 人民利益 ； 命運 ； 性格證據 ； Athenian democracy ； the rule of law ； Aeschines ； Demosthenes ； sykophantai ； popular interest ； fortune ； evidence of character

人文及社會科學集刊

31卷1期（2019 / 03 / 01）

1 - 39

繁體中文

本文的目的在於，從古雅典社會的角度，理解直接民主與法治的關係。本文指出，雅典法庭透過精巧制度，維持開放與理性的審議空間。其次，法庭考量三個無法根本解決的難題：訟棍、人民利益的界定，以及命運操弄。本文結論，雅典法治意指：在開放與理性審議的法庭中，陪審員綜合考量法條、法律精神、輿論與個別案件背景，回應前述三個根本難題，盡力做出符合人民利益的判決。雅典民主與法治相輔相成的意義在於：法治強化人民主權，而人民保護法律，排除非理性因素的干擾。本文僅挑選埃斯奇尼斯與德摩特尼斯兩位雅典政治領袖的作品為代表。

This paper examines the relationship between democracy and law from an Athenian perspective. This paper argues that the Athenian law court maintained an open space of deliberation through institutional arrangements. Besides, the law court considered three dilemmas: sycophancy, conflict of public interests and the manipulation of fortune. This paper concludes that the Athenian rule of law means the jurors' thoughtful responses to these dilemmas. The law court provided the space for deliberation where the jurors, in their search for the highest public interest, took into account factors such as the relevant statutes, the spirit of law, public opinions and the background of individual cases. Athenian democracy and law complemented each other, for the laws made the people sovereign while the people protected the laws against irrational interference. To limit the scope of this paper, the court speeches of Aeschines and Demosthenes are chosen as the focus of discussion.

1. Huang, Juin-lung(2010).The Revival of Athens in the History of Political Thought.Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy,22(3),393-416.
   連結：
2. 吳信華, Hsin-Hua(2009)。憲法審判機關與立法者。東吳法律學報，20(4)，53-87。
   連結：
3. 林佳和, Chia-ho(2014)。不同意見書制度之再思考－以德國經驗為中心。輔仁法學，48，1-69。
   連結：
4. 莊世同, Shih-tung(2016)。論平等與法治：評釋字728號解釋。政治與社會哲學評論，57，1-46。
   連結：
5. 黃昭元, Jau-yuan(2003)。司法違憲審查的正當性爭議－理論基礎與方法論的初步檢討。臺大法學論叢，32(6)，103-151。
   連結：
6. Adamidis, Vasileios(2016).The Relevance of Liturgies in the Courts of Classical Athens.Atiner's Conference Paper,Greece:
7. Aeschines,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Carey, Chris(trans.)(2000).Aeschines.Austin:University of Texas Press.
8. Antiphon,Andocides,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Gagarin, Michael(trans.),Macdowell, Douglas M.(trans.)(1998).Antphon and Andocides.Austin:University ofTcxas Press. Aristophanes.
9. Aristophanes,Henderson, Jeffrey(ed. trans.)(1998).Aristophanes: Acharnians. Knights.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
10. Aristotle,Rackham, H.(trans.)(1952).The Athenian Constitution: The Eudemian Ethics: On Virtues and Vices.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
11. Aviles, Domingo(2011).Arguing against the Law'. Non-literal Interpretation in Attic Forensic Oratory.Dike,14,19-42.
12. Beienburg, Sean,Frymer, Paul(2016).The People against Themselves: Rethinking Popular Constitutionalism.Law & Social Inquiry,41(1),242-266.
13. Carugati, Federica,Hadfield, Gillian K.,Weingast, Barry R.(2015).Building Legal Order in Ancient Athens.Journal of Legal Analysis,7(2),291-324.
14. Christ, Matthew(2006).The Bad Citizen in Classical Athens.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
15. Cohen, David(1995).Law, Violence and Community in Classical Athens.New York:Cambridge University Press.
16. Demosthenes,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Bets, Victor(trans.)(2003).Demosthenes, Speeches 50-59.Austin:University of Texas Press.
17. Demosthenes,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Hanis, E. M.(trans.)(2008).Demosthenes, Speeches 20-22.Austin:University of Texas Press.
18. Demosthenes,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Macdowell, Douglas M.(trans.)(2004).Demosthenes, Speeches 27-38.Austin:University of Texas Press.
19. Demosthenes,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Trevett, Jeremy(trans.)(2011).Demosthenes, Speeches 1-17.Austin:University of Texas Press.
20. Demosthenes,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Yunis, Harvey(trans.)(2005).Demosthenes, Speeches 18 and 19.Austin:University of Texas Press.
21. Euripides,Griffith, M.(eds. trans.),Most, G. W.(eds. trans.),Grene, D.(eds. trans.),Lattimore, R.(eds. trans.)(2013).Euripides II: Andromache; Hecuba; The Suppliant Women; Electra.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
22. Gagarin, Michael(2012).Law, Politics, and the Question of Relevance in the Case On the Crown.Classical Antiquity,31(2),293-314.
23. Gowder, Paul(2014).Democracy, Solidarity, and the Rule of Law: Lessons from Athens.Buffalo Law Review,62(1),1-67.
24. Gwatkin, William E.(1957).The Legal Arguments in Aischines' Against Ktesiphon and Demosthenes' On the Crown.Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,26(2),129-141.
25. Hamilton, Daniel W.(2006).Introduction: A Symposium on The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review.Chicago-Kent Law Review,81(3),809-812.
26. Hansen, M. H.(1999).The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes.London:Bristol Classical Press.
27. Harris, E. M.(2013).The Rule of Law in Action in Democratic Athens.New York:Oxford University Press.
28. Harvey, David(1990).The Sykophant and Sykophancy: Vexatious Redefinition?.Nomos: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society,Cambridge:
29. Hornblower, Simon(ed.),Spawforth, Antony(ed.)(1996).The Oxford Classical Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
30. Hyperides,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Worthington, Ian(trans.),Cooper, Craig R.(trans.),Harris, Edward M.(trans.)(2010).Dinarchus, Hyperides, and Lycurgus.Austin:University of Texas Press.
31. Isaeus,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Edwards, Michael(trans.)(2007).Isaeus.Austin:University of Texas Press.
32. Isocrates,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Mirhady, David C.(trans.),Too, Yon Lee(trans.)(2000).Isocrates I.Austin:University of Texas Press.
33. Johnstone, Steven(1999).Dispute and Democracy: The Consequences of Litigation in Ancient Athens.Austin:University of Texas Press.
34. Konstan, David(2000).Pity and the Law in Greek Theory and Practice.Dike,3,125-145.
35. Lanni, Adriaan(2006).Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens.New York:Cambridge University Press.
36. Lanni, Adriaan(2016).Law and Order in Ancient Athens.New York:Cambridge University Press.
37. Lanni, Adriaan(2012).Publicity and the Courts of Classical Athens.Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities,24(1),119-135.
38. Lanni, Adriaan,Vermeule, Adrian(2013).Precautionary Constitutionalism in Ancient Athens.Cardozo Law Review,34(3),893-915.
39. Lysias,Gagarin, Michael(ed.),Todd, S. C.(trans.)(2000).Lysias.Austin:University of Texas Press.
40. McDowell, Douglas M.(2009).Demosthenes the Orator.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
41. Millett, Paul(2005).The Trial of Socrates Revisited.European Review of History,12(1),23-62.
42. Nathanson, Stephen 2014 "Act and Rule Utiltarianism," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Retrieved June 11, 2018, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/util-a-r/#H2
43. Osborne, Robin(1990).Vexatious Litigation in Classical Athens: Sykophancy and Sykophant.Nomas: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society,Cambridge:
44. Parker, Robert(1990).Miasma: Pollution and Purfcalion in Early Greek Religion.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
45. Plato,Cooper, John M.(ed.),Hutchinson, D. S.(ed.)(1997).Plato: Complete Works.Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing Company.
46. Plutarch 1919 Demosthenes, pp. 1-79 in Plutarch, Plutarchb Lives, Vol. 7, B. Perrin (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Haward University Press
47. Rawls, John(1999).A Theory of Jusfice.Cambridge, MA:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
48. Rubinstein, Lene(2003).Volunteer Prosecutors in the Greek World.Dike,6,87-113.
49. Sophocles,Fagles, Robert(trans.)(1984).The Three Theban Plays: Antigone: Oedipus the King; Oedipus at Colonus.London:Penguin Books.
50. Tan, G. A.(2016).Popular Constitutionalism and Its Enemies.Washington Law Review Online,91(57),57-90.
51. Thucydides,Strassler, Robert B.(ed.),Crawley, Richard(trans.)(1996).The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War.New York:Simon and Schuster.
52. Todd, S. C.(1993).The Shape of Athenian Law.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
53. Werhan, Keith M. 2013 "Popular Constitutionalism, Ancient and Modem," Tulane University School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series, No. 13-5. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from http://ssrn.com/abstract-243615
54. Worthington, lan(ed.)(1994).Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action.London:Routledge.
55. Xenophon,Warner, Rex(trans.)(1966).A History of My Times (Hellenica).London:Penguin Books.
56. Yonis, Harvey (ed.)(2001).Demosthenes: On the Crown.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
57. 任冀平, Chi-ping(2014)。司法審查存立的制度性基礎。全球政治評論，48，27-62。
58. 李建良, Chien-liang(2010)。違憲審查程序種類之比較研究－憲法訴訟的法理辯證與制度選擇。東亞法學評論，1(1)，35-56。
59. 黃舒芃, Shu-perng(2007)。多元民主中的自由保障－Hans Kelsen的多元民主觀暨其對議會與憲法法院的證立。政大法學評論，96，57-98。