大學社會創新組織間的中介溝通與信任建立機制分析

Interorganizational Cooperation outside the Market: A Case Study on University Outreach and Social Innovation in Taiwan

熊慧嵐(Huei-lan Xiong)；周睦怡(Muyi Chou)；施聖文(Sheng-wen Shih)；陳東升(Dung-sheng Chen)

跨組織合作 ； 信任 ； 跨界活動者 ； 社會創新 ； 權力不平等 ； 大學社會實踐 ； interorganizational cooperation ； trust ； boundary spanner ； social innovation ； power inequality ； university social responsibility and outreach

人文及社會科學集刊

31卷3期（2019 / 09 / 01）

427 - 465

繁體中文

本文以跨界活動者理論（individual boundary spanner）個案分析臺灣「人文創新與社會實踐計畫」，說明以在地社會創新爲主軸的計畫型政策，如何透過中介組織，建立公部門、大學，與個別研究者或實作者等參與者之間的信任及溝通機制。旨在說明，當跨組織合作建構於不平等的權力關係下，組織之間的信任建立仰賴在制度保障與支持的互動中，持續且有效地溝通；這需要來自不同組織的跨界活動者在個人、組織和制度間，透過創新的方式解決問題，創造信任的正向循環。跨界活動者所創造的溝通機制也必須轉化融入組織互動的正式規範，以持續強化跨組織的互信與合作。

This research analyzes the building of trust in interorganizational cooperation via a case study on the ongoing Humanity Innovation and Social Practice project in Taiwan, involving governmental agencies, universities, researchers, and practitioners in localities. Boundary spanner theory is adopted to elaborate how trust and communication mechanisms can be established when an asymmetric relationship of power inevitably exists among stakeholders. This study reveals that these cooperative parties have to constantly prove themselves trustworthy and willing to trust others through practicing. To achieve this goal, boundary spanners of each cooperative party play pivotal roles to facilitate continuous communication and mutual understanding between organizations. They share similar practical experiences and a problem-oriented mindset, which enable them to find solutions together based on institutional responsibility and supportive mechanisms when facing challenges. This constructive kind of interaction benefits cooperation not only at the individual level but also at the organizational level, and permits sustained interorganizational cooperation.

1. 李柏諭, Po-yu(2011)。跨部門治理的理論與實踐：以蓮潭國際文教會館的委外經驗為例。公共行政學報，40，41-76。
   連結：
2. 林祐聖, Yu-sheng(2010)。從歧見到共識—公共審議中的網絡平衡。臺灣民主季刊，7(2)，177-216。
   連結：
3. 黃東益, Tong-yi,李仲彬, Chung-pin(2010)。電子治理與民眾對政府信任：台灣的個案分析。行政暨政策學報，51，77-124。
   連結：
4. Andrews, K. M.,Delahaye, B. L.(2000).Influences on Knowledge Processes in Organizational Learning: The Psychosocial Filter.Journal of Management Studies,37(6),797-810.
5. Anthony, Denise(2005).Cooperation in Microcredit Borrowing Groups: Identity, Sanctions, and Reciprocity in the Production of Collective Goods.American Sociological Review,70(3),496-515.
6. Austin, James E.,Seitanidi, M. May(2012).Collaborative Value Creation: A Review of Partnering between Nonprofits and Businesses. Part 2: Partnership Processes and Outcomes.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,41(6),929-968.
7. Austin, James E.,Seitanidi, M. May(2012).Collaborative Value Creation: A Review of Partnering between Nonprofits and Businesses: Part I. Value Creation Spectrum and Collaboration Stages.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,41(5),726-758.
8. Barringer, B. R.,Harrison, J. S.(2000).Walking a Tightrope: Creating Value through Interorganizational Relationships.Journal of Management,26(3),367-403.
9. Bouchard, Marie J.(ed.)(2013).Innovation and the Social Economy: The Québec Experience.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
10. Cohen, Jean L.,Arato, Andrew(1992).Civil Society and Political Theory.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
11. Collini, Stefan(2012).What Are Universities for?.London:Penguin Books.
12. Cook, Karen S.,Hardin, Russell,Levi, Margaret(2005).Cooperation without Trust?.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
13. Creed, W. E. D.,Miles, R. E.(1996).Trust in Organizations: A Conceptual Framework Linking Organizational Forms, Managerial Philosophies, and the Opportunity Costs of Controls.Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research,Thousand Oaks, CA:
14. Currall, Steven C.,Judge, Timothy A.(1995).Measuring Trust between Organizational Boundary Role Persons.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,64(2),151-170.
15. Despres, C.(ed.),Chauvel, D.(ed.)(2000).Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management.Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann.
16. Dienesch, R. M.,Liden, R. C.(1986).Leader-Member Exchange Model of Leadership: A Critique and Further Development.Academy of Management Review,11(3),618-634.
17. Dwyer, F. Robert,Oh, Sejo(1988).A Transactions Cost Perspective on Vertical Contractual Structure and Interchannel Competitive Strategies.Journal of Marketing,52(2),21-34.
18. Friedman, Raymond A.,Podolny, Joel(1992).Differentiation of Boundary Spanning Roles: Labor Negotiations and Implications for Role Conflict.Administrative Science Quarterly,37(1),28-47.
19. Gibson-Graham, J. K.(2006).A Postcapitalist Politics.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
20. Gintis, Herbert(ed.),Bowles, Samuel(ed.),Boyd, Robert(ed.),Fehr, Ernst(ed.)(2005).Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
21. Guiot, Jean M.(1977).Attribution and Identity Construction: Some Comments.American Sociological Review,42(5),692-704.
22. Gulati, Ranjay(1995).Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances.Academy of Management Journal,38(1),85-112.
23. Gulati, Ranjay,Singh, Harbir(1998).The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances.Administrative Science Quarterly,43(4),781-814.
24. Heckathorn, Douglas D.(1990).Collective Sanctions and Compliance Norms: A Formal Theory of Group-Mediated Social Control.American Sociological Review,55(3),366-384.
25. Heckathorn, Douglas D.(1988).Collective Sanctions and the Creation of Prisoner's Dilemma Norms.American Journal of Sociology,94(3),535-562.
26. Jamali, Dima,Yianni, Mary,Abdallah, Hanin(2011).Strategic Partnerships, Social Capital and Innovation: Accounting for Social Alliance Innovation.Business Ethics: A European Review,20(4),375-391.
27. Katz, Daniel,Kahn, Robert L.(1978).The Social Psychology of Organizations.New York:Wiley.
28. Kawulich, Barbara B.(2005).Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method.Forum: Qualitative Social Research,6(2),Art. 43.
29. Kindred, Jeannette,Petrescu, Claudia(2015).Expectations versus Reality in a University-Community Partnership: A Case Study.VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,26(3),823-845.
30. Marchington, Mick,Vincent, Steven(2004).Analysing the Influence of Institutional, Organizational and Interpersonal Forces in Shaping Inter-Organizational Relations.Journal of Management Studies,41(6),1029-1056.
31. Mauss, Marcel(2002).The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies.London:Routledge.
32. McCabe, Kevin A.(2003).A Cognitive Theory of Reciprocal Exchange.Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons from Experimental Research,New York:
33. Misztal, Barbara A.(1996).Trust in Modern Societies: The Search for the Bases of Social Order.Cambridge, MA:Polity Press.
34. Ostrom, Elinor(2003).Toward a Behavioral Theory Linking Trust, Reciprocity, and Reputation.Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons from Experimental Research,New York:
35. Pfeffer, Jeffrey,Salancik, Gerald R.(2003).The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
36. Ring, Peter Smith,Van de Ven, Andrew H.(1994).Development Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships.Academy of Management Review,19(1),90-118.
37. Ryan, Annmarie,O’Malley, Lisa(2016).The Role of the Boundary Spanner in Bringing about Innovation in Cross-Sector Partnerships.Scandinavian Journal of Management,32(1),1-9.
38. Seitanidi, Maria May,Crane, Andrew(2009).Implementing CSR through Partnerships: Understanding the Selection, Design and Institutionalisation of Nonprofit-Business Partnerships.Journal of Business Ethics,85(S2),413-429.
39. Singh, Upasana,Srivastava, Kailash B. L.(2009).Nurturing Interpersonal Trust for Knowledge Sharing.Management and Labour Studies,34(2),183-201.
40. Williams, Paul(2002).The Competent Boundary Spanner.Public Administration,80(1),103-124.
41. Zaheer, Akbar,McEvily, Bill,Perrone, Vincenzo(1998).Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance.Organization Science,9(2),141-159.
42. Zucker, Lynne G.(1977).The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence.American Sociological Review,42(5),726-743.
43. Zucker, Lynne G.(1986).Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure, 1840–1920.Research in Organizational Behavior,8,53-111.
44. 周睦怡, Muyi,熊慧嵐, Huei-lan,陳東升, Dung-sheng(2015)。在地社會創新網絡：以人文創新與社會實踐計畫在地實作為例。台灣政治學刊，22(2)，147-202。
45. 科技部人文及社會科學研究發展司人文創新與社會實踐計畫 2018 　〈計畫緣起與願景〉。2018年11月10日，取自https://www.hisp.ntu.edu.tw/about (The Humanity Innovation and Social Practice Project, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2018, “About Us,” Retrieved November 10, 2018, from https://www.hisp.ntu.edu.tw/about)
46. 國家科學委員會人文及社會科學發展處 2012 　〈國科會人文處「人文創新與社會實踐」計畫徵求公告〉。2019年5月23日，取自https://ord.nccu.edu.tw/files/rd_research/54_f0e5dc2d.pdf (Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Science Council, 2012, “Call for Application for the Humanity Innovation and Social Practice Project,” Retrieved May 23, 2019, from https://ord.nccu.edu.tw/files/rd_research/54_f0e5dc2d.pdf)
47. 陳東升, Dung-sheng(2012)。社群治理與社會創新。臺灣社會學刊，49，1-40。

1. 蔡侑霖(2020)。大學社區實踐在臺灣的實作初探：以Wulai地區的相關計畫為例。台灣社會研究季刊，116，1-52。
2. 劉文宏,李筱倩,宋威穎(2022)。USR & CSR合作共創漁村創生價值之策略與實踐：以屏東漁村為例。國家發展研究，22(1)，133-170。
3. 阮光勳(2021)。探索中小學教師工作中的信任問題：信任認知與修復之道。嘉大教育研究學刊，47，133-161。
4. 楊景德(2023)。推進偏鄉社區發展與衍生之賽局思考－以臺北科大「大學社會責任實踐」為例。聯大學報，20(2)，69-86。
5. (2020)。計畫作為許諾：人文創新與社會實踐計畫中的會議、國家話語、與社區行動。臺灣人類學刊，18(2)，27-78。
6. (2020)。專業組織的持續組裝與知識創新：台灣大學社會學系 60 年的變遷。台灣社會學，39，167-192。
7. (2022)。以三師共學落實偏鄉教育實踐：以屏東大學偏鄉USR計畫為例。教育研究月刊，334，20-33。
8. (2023)。涵納與大學社會實踐：從同質的公共預設到異質的公共想像和行動。思與言：人文與社會科學期刊，61(3)，111-159。