研發、研發外溢與員工學歷結構差異對台灣資訊電子業研發廠商生產力之貢獻

The Effects of Research, Research Spillovers and Educational Structure of Employees on Productivity of Electronics Firms in Taiwan

10.6277/ter.2008.364.4

歐陽利姝(Li-Shu Ouyang)；朱世琳(Shih-Lin Chu)

員工教育結構 ； 高低研發廠商 ； 研發外溢 ； 生產力 ； educational structure of employees ； high and low-tech firms ； research and spillovers ； productivity

經濟論文叢刊

36卷4期（2008 / 12 / 01）

515 - 550

繁體中文

研發存量高低與員工教育結構差異，影響廠商知識技能多寡與員工學習和應用新知的能力。本文採用Hansen(1999)之縱橫門檻模型(panel threshold model)，控制員工教育結構差異對生產力之影響，檢測造成技術差異之研發存量門檻，並探討研發、研發外溢與員工教育結構差異對高低技術廠商生產力之貢獻。研究結果顯示，研發存量高低確實造成生產技術差異，而高研發密度廠商不必然屬於高技術廠商。高技術廠商之研發與研發外溢互補性大於低技術廠商；研發與碩博士人才對低技術廠商而言具互補性，對高技術廠商則具替代性。低技術下，大專專技人才對生產力之貢獻高於碩博士人才，高技術下，則反之。此外，未控制員工素質差異，可能低估研發外溢對高研發密度低技術廠商生產力之貢獻。

The amount of knowledge stock in firms is strongly related to firms’ investment in R&D and human capital. Most existing productivity literature does not control for the effects of human capital on productivity, nor does it test for the threshold value defining high-and low-tech electronics firms when analyzing the effect of research on productivity. This paper applies Hansen (1999) panel threshold model to examine whether and at what level the stock of research results in different production technology. The interaction effects on productivity of research, research spillovers and human capital proxied by the educational structure of employees are examined for both high-and low-tech electronics firms. Results show that production technologies are significantly different when research stock exceeds the threshold level. Firms with research intensity exceeding 2% are not necessarily high-tech firms. Research spillovers and internal research are complements. Internal research and employees with some graduate degree are complements for low-tech firms, but are substitutes for high-tech firms.

1. 楊志海、陳忠榮(2002)。研究發展，專利與生產力－台灣製造業的實證研究。經濟論文叢刊，30(1)，27-48。
   連結：
2. Aiello, F.,Cardamone, P.(2005).R&D spillovers and productivity growth: Evidence from Italian manufacturing microdata.Applied Economics Letters,12,625-631.
3. Archibugi, D.,Sirilli, G.,European Commission (Eurostat) (ed.)(2002).Innovation and Enterprise Creation: Statistics and Indicators.Luxembourg:European Commission.
4. Beard, T. R.,Caudill, S. B.,Gropper, D. M.(1997).The diffusion of production processes in the U.S. banking industry: A finite mixture approach.Journal of Banking and Finance,21,721-740.
5. Becheikh, N.,Landry, R.,Amara, N.(2006).Lessons from innovation empirical studies in the manufacturing sector: A systematic review of the literature from 1993-2003.Technovation,26,644-664.
6. Bernstein, J. I.(1988).Costs of production, intra-and inter-industry R&D spillovers, Canadian evidence.Canadian Journal of Economics,21,324-347.
7. Branstetter, L. G.(2001).Are knowledge spillovers international or intranational in scope? Microeconometric evidence from the U.S. and Japan.Journal of international economics,53,53-79.
8. Branstetter, L.,Chen, J. R.(2006).The impact of technology transfer and R&D on productivity growth in Taiwanese industry: Microeconometric analysis using plant and firm-level data.Journal of Japanese International Economies,20,177-192.
9. Cincera, M.,van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B.(2001).International R&D spillovers: A survey.Brussels Economic Review/Cahiers Economiques de Bruxelles,169,3-31.
10. Crépon, B.,Duguet, E.,Mairesse, J.(1998).Research and development, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level.Economics of Innovation and New Technology,7(2),115-158.
11. Del Barrio-Castro, T.,Lopez-Bazo, E.,Serrano-Domingo, G.(2002).New evidence on international R&D spillovers, human capital and productivity in the OECD.Economics Letters,77,41-45.
12. Enders, W.(1995).Applied Econometric Time Series.New York:Wiley.
13. Fagerberg, J.(1996).Technology and competitiveness.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,12,39-51.
14. Fuente, A. d. l.,Domenech, R.(2001).Schooling data, technological diffusion, and the neoclassical model.The American Economic Review,91(2),323-328.
15. Garcia-Valderrama, T.,Mulero-Mendigorri, E.(2005).Content validation of a measure of R&D effectiveness.R&D Management,35(3),311-331.
16. Goto, A.,Suzuki, K.(1989).R&D capital rate of return on R&D investment and spillover of R&D in Japanese manufacturing industries.Review of Economics and Statistics,71(4),555-564.
17. Griliches, Z.(1979).Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth.Bell Journal of Economics,10,92-116.
18. Hall, B. H.(1993).The stock market's valuation of R&D investment during the 1980`s.American Economic Review,83(2),259-264.
19. Hall, B. H.,Mairesse, J.(1995).Exploring the relationship between R&D and productivity in French manufacturing firms.Journal of Econometrics,65,263-293.
20. Haltiwanger, J.,Lane, J. I.,Speltzer, J. R.(1999).Productivity differences across employers: The roles of employer size, age and human capital.American Economic Review,89(2),94-98.
21. Hansen, B. E.(2000).Sample splitting and threshold estimation.Econometrica,68,575-603.
22. Hansen, B. E.(1999).Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference.Journal of Econometrics,93,345-368.
23. Hausman, J.(1978).Specification tests in econometrics.Econometrica,46,1251-1271.
24. Hausman, J.,Taylor, W.(1981).Panel data and unobservable individual effects.Econometrica,49,1377-1398.
25. Hsiao, C.(1986).Analysis of Panel Data.New York:Cambridge University Press.
26. Jaffe, A. B.(1986).Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms` patents, profits, and market value.American Economic Review,76,984-1001.
27. Kalaitzidakis, P.,Mamuneas, T. P.,Savvides, A.,Stengos, T.(2001).Measures of human capital and nonlinearities in economic growth.Journal of Economic Growth,6(3),229-254.
28. Mairesse, J.,Mohnen, P.(2003).R&D and productivity: A reexamination in light of the innovation surveys.DRUID Summer Conference on Creating, Sharing and Transferring Knowledge: The Role of Geography, Institutions and Organizations,Denmark:
29. Mairesse, J.,Sassenou, M.(1991).R&D and productivity: A survey of econometric studies at the firm level.NBER Working Paper.
30. Mundlak, Y.(1978).On the pooling of time and cross sectional data.Econometrica,46,69-86.
31. Olley, S. G.,Pakes, A.(1996).The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry.Econometrica,64,1263-1297.
32. Orea, L.,Kumbhakar, S. C.(2004).Efficiency measurement using a latent class stochastic frontier model.Empirical Economics,29,169-183.
33. Romijn, H.,Albaladejo, M.(2002).Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England.Research Policy,31,1053-1067.
34. Schoenecker, T.,Swanson, L.(2002).Indicators of firm technological capability: Validity and performance implications.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,49(1),36-44.
35. Shen, C. H.(2005).Cost efficiency and banking performances in a partial universal banking system: Application of the panel smooth threshold model.Applied Economics,37,993-1009.
36. Tallman, E. W.,Wang, P.(1994).Human capital and endogenous growth evidence from Taiwan.Journal of Monetary Economics,34,101-124.
37. Tsai, K. H.(2005).R&D productivity and firm size: A nonlinear examination.Technovation,25,795-803.
38. Tsai, K. H.,Wang, J. C.(2004).R&D productivity and the spillover effects of high-tech industry on the traditional manufacturing sector: The case of Taiwan.World Economy,27(10),1555-1570.
39. Wang, Y.,Chao, C. W.(2008).Spillovers and productivity: The case of the Taiwanese high-tech firms.Contemporary Economic Policy,26(2),248-258.
40. Welch, F.(1969).Linear synthesis of skill distribution.Journal of Human Resources,4,311-327.
41. Wieser, R.(2005).Research and development productivity and spillovers: Empirical evidence at the firm level.Journal of Economic Surveys,19(4),587-621.
42. Wooldridge, J. M.(2006).Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach.Mason, OH:Thomson/South-Western.
43. 莊奕琦、許碧峰(1999)。研究發展對生產力的貢獻及產業間的外溢效果：台灣製造業實證。經濟論文，27(3)，407-432。
44. 蔡光第、楊浩彥(1996)。多層次巢覆式R&D外溢效果與其對台灣製造業不同科技部門之貢獻。經濟論文叢刊，24(1)，29-60。

1. 廖振盛(2011)。台灣半導體產業研發活動、技術效率與規模效率之研究。運籌與管理學刊，10(2)，17-30。
2. 林慧茹,汪進揚(2021)。薪酬公平性：員工生產力與控制權偏離之影響。管理學報，38(2)，203-230。
3. 盧其宏、劉錦添、張景褔(2011)。勞工組成特性對工廠生產力及薪資之影響：以台灣電子業工廠為例。經濟論文叢刊，39(2)，177-212。