異質廠商、獨占性競爭與貿易政策

Heterogeneous Firms, Monopolistic Competition and Trade Policy

10.6277/ter.2009.372.5

吳芝文(Jollene Z. Wu)；李玫郁(Mei-Yu Lee)

異質廠商 ； 進口限制均等性 ； firm heterogeneity ； import restriction equivalence

經濟論文叢刊

37卷2期（2009 / 06 / 01）

213 - 234

繁體中文

本文以異質廠商的獨占性競爭部份均衡模型，探討對稱二國之間的產業內貿易。全文之分析焦點在於從價關稅和進口限額二種貿易政策之均等性分析。研究發現，開放貿易後市場上的商品種類減少，但是消費者的效用提高。此一結果與Krugman (1979)認爲貿易可以增加商品的種類數目相反，也不符合傳統「種類愈多效用愈高」的結論。就關稅政策和限額政策做比較時本文的結果顯示，二種政策之下商品種類數目之相對高低視關稅與限額價格而定。在有效的限額管制之下，限額費率愈低市場上的商品種類愈少；然而不論商品種類多寡，消費者的效用恆等於關稅之下的水準。此一結論與Young and Anderson (1980)認爲關稅政策之下的消費者福利較高明顯不同。在本文架構下，關稅與限額二種政策的均等性在總合價格、消費者剩餘和國內產業利潤等方面都會成立。

This paper constructs a two-country intra-industry trade model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the effects of trade policy-tariffs and quotas. It shows that product variety decreases but consumer's utility increases after trade. This result contradicts the conclusion of Krugman (1979), who argues that variety increases after trade. And it is not consistent with the conventional wisdom: more variety leads to a higher utility level. The paper also shows that under an effective constraint, the lower the quota fee, the less the variety. However, regardless of variety, the consumer's utility under a quota regime is equivalent to that under a tariff regime. This finding contrasts sharply with the conclusion of Young and Anderson (1980), who argue that a tariff always generates higher consumer utility than a quota. Under our framework the equivalence of tariffs and quotas holds with respect to aggregate price, consumer's surplus and domestic profit.

1. Antras, P.,Helpman, E.(2004).Global sourcing.The Journal of Political Economy,112,552-580.
2. Aw, B. Y.,Chung, S.,Roberts, M. J.(2000).Productivity and turnover in the export market: Micro-level evidence from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (China).World Bank Economic Review,14,65-90.
3. Baldwin, R.,Gu, W.(2003).Export market participation and productivity performance in Canadian manufacturing.Canadian Journal of Economics,36,634-657.
4. Bernard, A. B.(2004).Why some firms export.Review of Economics and Statistics,86,561-569.
5. Bernard, A. B.(1999).Exporting and productivity.NBER Working Paper no.7135.
6. Bernard, A. B.,Jensen, J. B.(1999).Exceptional exporter performance: Cause, effect, or both?.Journal of International Economics,47,1-25.
7. Bernard, A. B.,Wagner, J.(2001).Export entry and exit by German firms.Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,137,105-123.
8. Bugamelli, M.,Infante, L.(2002).Sunk costs to exports.Technical report, Bank of Italy Research Papers.
9. Chamberlin, E. H.(1933).The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.Oxford University Press.
10. Clerides, S. K.,Lach, S.,Tybout, J. R.(1998).Is learning by exporting important? Micro-dynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,113,903-947.
11. Damijan, J.,Ploanec, S.,Prasnikar, J.(2007).Self-selection, export market heterogeneity and productivity improvements: Firm level evidence from Slovenia.The World Economy,30,135-155.
12. Falvey, R.,Greenaway, D.,Yu, Z.(2005).Catching up or pulling away: Intra-industry trade, productivity gaps and heterogeneous firms.University of Nottingham Research Paper, no. 2005/18.
13. Glass, A. J.,Saggi, K.(2002).Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment.Journal of International Economics,56,387-410.
14. Greenaway, D.,Gullstrand, J.,Kneller, R.(2005).Exporting may not always boost firm level productivity.Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,141,561-582.
15. Grossman, G. M.,Helpman, E.(1991).Endogenous product cycles.The Economic Journal,101,1214-1229.
16. Hamilton, C.,D. Greenaway (ed.)(1985).Current Issues in International Trade.London:Macmillian.
17. Hansson, P.,Lundin, N.(2004).Exports as indicator on or a promoter of successful Swedish manufacturing firms in the 1990s.Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,140,415-445.
18. Helpman, E.(1993).Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights.Econometrica,61,1247-1280.
19. Helpman, E.,Melitz, M. J.,Yeaple, S. R.(2004).Export versus FDI with heterogeneous firms.The American Economic Review,94,300-316.
20. Krugman, P. R.(1979).Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade.Journal of International Economics,9,469-479.
21. Krugman, P. R.(1980).Scale economics, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade.The American Economic Review,70,950-959.
22. Melitz, M. J.(2003).The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity.Econometrica,71,1695-1725.
23. Montagna, C.(1995).Monopolistic competition with firm-specific costs.Oxford Economic Papers,47,318-328.
24. Pascoa, M. R.(1993).Noncooperative equilibrium and Chamberlinian monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,60,335-353.
25. Pavcnik, N.(2002).Trade liberalization, exit, and productivity improvements: Evidence from Chilean plants.Review of Economic Studies,69,245-276.
26. Roberts, M. J.,Tybout, J. R.(1997).The decision to export in Colombia: An empirical model of entry with sunk costs.American Economic Review,87,545-564.
27. Stigler, G. J.(1949).Five Lectures on Economic Problems.London:London School of Economics.
28. Tomiura, E.(2007).Foreign outsourcing, exporting, and FDI: A productivity comparison at the firm level.Journal of International Economics,72,113-127.
29. Yeaple, S. R.(2005).A simple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade, and wages.Journal of International Economics,65,1-20.
30. Young, L.,Anderson, J. E.(1980).The optimal policies for restricting trade under uncertainty.The Review of Economic Studies,47,927-932.