數學能力與性別對高中學生選組之影響

The Impact of Mathematics Background and Gender on the Choice of Major in Taiwan's Senior High School

10.6277/ter.2011.394.4

郭祐誠(Yu-Chen Kuo)；許聖章(Sheng-Jang Sheu)

高中生選組 ； 數學背景 ； 家庭背景 ； 性別差異 ； Choice of Major ； Math Achievement ； Socioeconomic Status ； Gender Gap

經濟論文叢刊

39卷4期（2011 / 12 / 01）

541 - 591

繁體中文

台灣地區歷經經濟發展及教育環境變遷，高中生在選組上仍明顯存在性別差異，且隨時間演進並無重大改變。本研究利用「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（TaiwanEducationPanelSurvey）分析性別、學生數學能力及家庭背景對於選組的影響，我們的實證結果顯示高中生選組偏好存在相當大的歧異，其中數學成就差距是重要的解釋因素，但數學對男女的影響並不一致，而其它家庭背景變數則相對並不重要。此外雖然女性明顯較男性不傾向選擇自然組，但性別間稟賦差距可解釋的部分只佔16%－21%，性別間選組差異仍大部分無法由男女間稟賦不同所解釋。最後本研究結果間接反駁女生較不傾向選擇自然組，乃因其數學能力較差所致之觀點。

Historical data indicate a significant and persistent gap between male and female choice of major in Taiwan’s high schools. This study examines the effects of parental socioeconomic status on the choice of major, with special attention to gender disparity and its interaction with other factors. Furthermore, using the newly released panel data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS), we are able to investigate the potential influence of a student’s past math achievement on the choice of major and further analyze the difference between male and female students. While math achievement is the most important factor among all variables in determining the choice of major, the impact of math is not consistent across gender. Our results indicate that the differences in endowments account for only 16%-21% of the overall gender gap. Still a considerable portion of the gender gap cannot be explained. Thus, it is inappropriate to attribute the gender difference in choice of major solely to math ability.

1. 陳建州(2006)。性別間的教育競爭型態分析。教育研究集刊，52(4)，71-105。
   連結：
2. 陳建州(2009)。影響大學生學習領域性別階層化之因素。教育研究集刊，55(2)，35-67。
   連結：
3. 張苙雲（2003），“台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫：第一波（2001）、第二波（2003）及第三波（2005） 學生、家長、老師資料（現場使用版電子檔）”，中央研究院調查研究專題中心。（Chang, Ly-yun (2003), "Taiwan Education Panel Survey: Base year (2001, 2003, 2005) student, parent and teacher data (on-spot restricted release computer file)", Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica.)
4. 張苙雲（2008），“台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫：第一─ 四波資料使用手冊（2008.11.21 版）”，中央研究院調查研究專題中心。（Chang, Ly-yun (2008), "Taiwan Education Panel Survey: Users' guide and base year (2008)", Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica.)
5. Mertz, J. E. (2009), “Why females remain underrepresented in mathematics at the highest level”, American Society for Cell Biology Newsletter, 7–9.
6. 楊孟麗．譚康榮．黃敏雄（2003），“心理計量報告：TEPS 2001分析能力測驗（第一版）”，台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫。(Meng-Li Yang, Tony Tam and Min-Hsiung Huang (2003), "Psychometric report for the ability Tests of TEPS 2001, Center for Survey Research", Academia Sinica.)。
7. Baker, D. P.,Stevenson, D. L.(1986).Mothers' strategies for children's school achievement: Managing the transition to high school.Sociology of Education,59,156-167.
8. Baraka, J. L.(1999).Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies, Working papersPrinceton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies, Working papers,Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
9. Brown, C.,Corcoran, M.(1997).Sex-based differences in school content and the male-female wage gap.Journal of Labor Economics,15(3),431-465.
10. Coleman, J. S.,Campell, E. Q.,Hobson, C. J.,McPartland, J.,Mood, A. M.,Weinfeld, F. D.,York, R. L.(1966).Equality of Educational Opportunity.Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.
11. Correll, S.(2001).Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments.American Journal of Sociology,106(6),1691-1730.
12. Croson, R.,Gneezy, U.(2009).Gender differences in preferences.Journal of Economic Literature,47(2),448-474.
13. Fairlie, R. W.(2005).An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models.Journal of Economic and Social Measurement,30,305-316.
14. Fairlie, R. W.(1999).The absence of the African-American owned business: An analysis of the dynamics of self-employment.Journal of Labor Economics,17(1),80-108.
15. Gallagher, A. M.(ed.),Kaufman, J. C.(ed.)(2005).Gender Differences in Mathematics: An Integrative Psychological Approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
16. Goldin, C.,Katz, L. F.,Kuziemko, I.(2006).The homecoming of American college women: The reversal of the college gender gap.Journal of Economic Perspectives,20(4),133-156.
17. Haveman, R.,Wolfe, B.(1995).The determinants of children's attainments: A review of methods and findings.Journal of Economic Literature,33(4),1829-1878.
18. Hyde, J. S.,Mertz, J. E.(2009).Gender, culture, and mathematics performance.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States,106(22),8801-8807.
19. Lantz, A. E.,Smith, G. P(1981).Factors influencing the choice of nonrequired mathematics courses.Journal of Educational Psychology,73(6),825-837.
20. Lee, V. E.,Croninger, R. G.,Smith, J. B.(1997).Course-taking, equity, and mathematics learning: Testing the constrained curriculum hypothesis in U.S. secondary schools.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,19(2),99-121.
21. Lee, V. E.,Ware, N. C.(1986).When and why girls "leak" out of high school mathematics: A closer look.annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association,San Francisco, C.A.:
22. Marsh, H. W.(1989).Sex differences in the development of verbal and mathematics constructs: The high school and beyond study.American Educational Research Journal,26,191-225.
23. McDonald, J. A.,Thornton, R. J.(2007).Do new male and female college graduates receive unequal pay?.Journal of Human Resources,42(1),32-48.
24. Micer, J.,Ofek, H.(1982).Interrupted work careers: Deprecation and restoration of human capital.Journal of Human Resource,17(1),3-24.
25. Muller, C.(1998).Gender differences in parental involvement and adolescents' math achievement.Sociology of Education,71(4),336-356.
26. Oakes, J.(1990).Opportunities, achievement, and choice: Women and minority students in science and mathematics.Review of Research in Education,16,153-222.
27. Ozturk, M. A.(2001).Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
28. Paglin, M.,Rufolo, A.(1990).Heterogeneous human capital, occupational choice, and male-female earnings differences.Journal of Labor Economics,8(1),123-144.
29. Polachek, S. W.(1981).Occupational self-selection: A human capital approach to sex differences in cccupational structure.Reviews of Economics and Statistics,63(1),60-69.
30. Polachek, S. W.(1978).Sex differences in college major.Industrial and Labor Relations Reviews,31(4),498-508.
31. Riegle-Crumb, C.(2006).The path through math: Course sequences and academic performance at the intersection of race-ethnicity and gender.American Journal of Education,133(1),101-123.
32. Spelke, E. S.(2005).Sex differences in intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science? Critical review.American Psychologist,60(9),950-958.
33. Useem, E. L.(1991).Student selection into course sequences in mathematics: The impact of parental involvement and school policies.Journal of Research on Adolescence,1(3),231-250.
34. 陳建州(2004)。教育期望的性別差異：高中、高職的比較。兩性平等教育教育季刊，26，43-57。
35. 陳建志(2000)。台灣地區科系、職業性別隔離與收入性別差異之變遷。教育與心理研究，23(2)，285-312。
36. 黃福來(1980)。台北，國立台灣師範大學教育研究所=National Taiwan Normal University。
37. 楊巧玲(2005)。性別化的興趣與能力：高中學生類組選擇之探究。台灣教育社會學研究，5(2)，113-153。
38. 楊宜勳(2004)。台北，國立台北大學統計學系=National Taipei University。
39. 楊龍立(1993)。我國高中學生主修科別與性別的關係之研究。教育研究資訊，1(3)，4-75。
40. 劉正、陳建州(2007)。台灣高等教育學習領域之性別區隔與變遷：1972-2003。教育與心理研究，30(4)，1-25。
41. 關秉寅、李敦義(2008)。補習數學有用嗎？一個『反事實』的分析。台灣社會學刊，41，97-148。

1. 陳婉琪(2013)。高中生選組行為的原因與結果：性別、信念、教師角色與能力發展。台灣社會學，25，89-123。
2. 陳英豪(2016)。公立高中數理資優男女生數學學習歷程與成就之差異性探討。資優教育，141，11-19。
3. 郭祐誠(2018)。同儕性別組成對大學科系選擇之影響。經濟論文，46(2)，225-261。
4. 駱明慶,劉家樺(2021)。父母的性別偏好對國中子女升學和高中職主修領域選擇的影響－以「台灣青少年計畫」樣本為例。經濟論文，49(2)，163-200。
5. 劉錦添,池伯尉,尤素娟(2021)。為何女生不讀理工、男生不讀人文？－大學入學考生資料之實證。經濟論文叢刊，49(2)，263-306。
6. 陶宏麟、郭祐誠(2013)。高中職多元入學管道選擇與家庭背景及學習表現之關係—兼論多元入學的公平與效率。人文及社會科學集刊，25(3)，421-456。
7. (2021)。以TEPS 2001資料再探選組行為的性別差異：手足性別組成的影響。臺灣教育社會學研究，21(2)，105-149。
8. (2024)。2004年《性別平等教育法》對高中生選組的影響。人文及社會科學集刊，36(1)，101-161。