题名

日本眾議院選舉政黨重複提名策略與效應:選區層次之分析

并列篇名

Impact Evaluation of Party Dual Candidacy Strategies in Japanese House Elections-A District-Level Data Analysis

DOI

10.6166/TJPS.51(161-215)

作者

郭銘峰(Ming-Feng Kuo);黃紀(Chi Huang);王鼎銘(Ding-Ming Wang)

关键词

日本眾議員選舉 ; 小選區比例代表並立制 ; 重複提名制度 ; 政黨提名策略 ; 獨立效果 ; 運動效果 ; 效應模型 ; Japanese House Election ; Mixed-member Majoritarian Electoral Systems (MMM) ; Dual Candidacy ; Party Nomination Strategy ; Independent Effects ; Contamination Effects ; Treatment-effects Model

期刊名称

政治科學論叢

卷期/出版年月

51期(2012 / 03 / 01)

页次

161 - 215

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

近年來制度至關重要的論點,一直是學界關注各種政治行為形塑的重要變項,許多選舉經驗研究指出,包括政黨提名候選人策略與政黨間合作協調、國會議員立法行為與政策主張、候選人選區經營與競選活動、選民投票決策、甚或是政黨體系的變動等,均深受不同選制結構的影響。準此,探索政治場域上相關行為者的行為或動機時,不同選制架構內涵的影響效果,深值剖析。本文主軸鎖定於日本自1994年推行四大政改法案後,改採小選舉區比例代表並立制架構下之候選人重複提名制度,對於日本政壇主要政黨(包括自民黨、民主黨、社民黨)提名參選策略與其實質成效的影響。有別既有文獻分析兩票連動效果經常未顧及變項間內因性與非隨機選組機制因素,導致參數值估算偏誤的因果推論問題,本文爰引James J.Heckman建構之效應模型(treatment-effects model)進行準確校估。實證結果顯示:日本各主要政黨在歷屆眾議員選舉對單一選區候選人採重複提名參選的策略,其對政黨比例代表得票率的效應會因黨、因年而異;當中包括自民黨在2009年選舉、民主黨在2003年選舉,社民黨在2000年、2005年、2009年選舉,均以重複提名策略有效提升該黨的政黨比例代表得票率。此一分析結果,不僅適度佐證既有文獻對於日本政黨重複提名參選成效的預期,也吻合混合選制學理兩票連動效果的論點。

英文摘要

In recent years, scholars have paid a great deal of attention to the influence of institutions on political behavior. The claim that ”institutions matter” in politics is widely accepted. Empirical studies show that electoral systems have a great impact on parties, candidates, and voters with respect to nomination, coordination strategies, legislative behavior, voting behavior, electoral campaigns, and the development of party systems. Accordingly, when we try to understand the behavior and motivations of political actors, it is necessary to examine institutional rules.After the electoral reforms of 1994, the single nontransferable vote (SNTV) was replaced with a mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of this new electoral system based on district-level data. We are especially interested in the interaction effects (or the so-called ”contamination effects”) on the two-vote structure resulting from dual candidacy strategies adopted by political parties. To avoid causal biased estimation and capture the contamination effect more precisely, we apply Heckman's treatment-effects model to remove the endogeneity and self-selection problems. The result not only shows the dual candidacy strategies influence the interaction between two ballots, it also indicates the effect varies between different parties and different periods of time. More specifically, the dual candidacy strategy was especially beneficial to the Liberal Democratic Party's (LDP) PR vote in 2009, the Democratic Party of Japan's PR vote in 2003, and the Social Democratic Party's (SDP) PR vote in 2000, 2005, and 2009. In conclusion, this study supports the existing literature on dual candidacy and contamination effects in mixed-member electoral systems.

主题分类 社會科學 > 社會科學綜合
参考文献
  1. 王業立、彭怡菲(2004)。分裂投票:一個制度面的分析。台灣政治學刊,8(1),3-45。
    連結:
  2. 王鼎銘、郭銘峰(2009)。混合式選制下的投票思維:台灣與日本國會選舉變革經驗的比較。選舉研究,16(2),101-130。
    連結:
  3. 王鼎銘、郭銘峰、黃紀(2008)。選制轉變過程下杜佛傑心理效應之檢視:從日本眾議院選制變革的經驗來觀察。問題與研究,47(3),1-28。
    連結:
  4. 吳明上(2003)。日本眾議院議員選舉制度改革之探討:小選舉區比例代表並立制。問題與研究,42(2),79-94。
    連結:
  5. 吳明上(2008)。日本聯合政權組成中公明黨關鍵少數之研究。東吳政治學報,26(1),51-86。
    連結:
  6. 李世暉、郭國興(2011)。日本政黨輪替思維之探析:兼論民主黨之角色與定位。問題與研究,50(1),1-33。
    連結:
  7. 林繼文(2008)。以輸為贏:小黨在日本單一選區兩票制下的參選策略。選舉研究,15(2),37-66。
    連結:
  8. 黃紀(2010)。因果推論與效應評估:區段識別法及其於「選制效應」之應用。選舉研究,17(2),103-134。
    連結:
  9. 黃紀、王鼎銘、郭銘峰(2008)。「混合選制」下選民之一致與分裂投票:1996 年日本眾議員選舉自民黨選票之分析。選舉研究,15(2),1-36。
    連結:
  10. 謝相慶(2000)。日本眾議院議員新選舉制度及其政治效應-以1996年選舉為例。選舉研究,6(2),45-87。
    連結:
  11. 蘇子喬、王業立(2010)。為何廢棄混合式選舉制度?義大利、俄羅斯、與泰國選制改革之研究。東吳政治學報,28(3),1-81。
    連結:
  12. 黃紀,2011,〈受限依變量(II):選樣校正模型與因果效應模型〉,黃紀、王德育(編),《類別與受限依變量之分析》,未出版草稿。
  13. Iwai, Tomoaki. 1999. "The Pressing Need for Electoral Reform in Japan." in http://www.nira.or.jp/past/publ/review/99autumn/iwai.html. Latest update 6 August 2011.
  14. 渡部昇一,2000,〈二大政党制文明政治方〉,《産経新聞》,6/30,版9。
  15. 總務省,2010,〈選挙関連資料〉,選舉資料庫網頁,http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/data/index.html#chapter2,2010/3/31。
  16. 一般報導,2000,《朝日新聞》,6/8,無。
  17. 曹瑞泰,2007,〈日本選舉制度改革與影響:現行小選區比例代表並立制施行之研究〉,台日綜合研究所網頁,http://www.japansearch.org.tw/scholar-94.aspm,2007/4/2。
  18. Bawn, Kathleen(1993).The Logic of Institutional Preferences: German Electoral Law as a Social Choice Outcome.American Journal of Political Science,37(4),965-989.
  19. Bawns, Kathleen,Thies, Michael F.(2003).A Comparative Theory of Electoral Incentives: Representing the Unorganized under PR, Plurality and Mixed Member Systems.Journal of Theoretical Politics,15(1),5-32.
  20. Carlson, Matthew M.(2006).Electoral Reform and the Evolution of Informal Norms in Japan.Asian Survey,46(3),362-380.
  21. Choi, Jungug(2006).Institutional Interaction and Strategic Voting in Korea' s New Mixed Electoral System.Journal of International and Area Studies,13(2),111-122.
  22. Christensen, Ray.(1998).The Effect of Electoral Reforms on Campaign Practice in Japan: Putting New Wine into Old Bottles.Asian Survey,38(10),986-1004.
  23. Christensen, Raymond V.(1994).Electoral Reform in Japan: How It Was Enacted and Changes It May Bring.Asian Survey,34(7),589-605.
  24. Cox, Gary W.(1997).Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World' s Electoral Systems.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  25. Cox, Gary W.,Rosenbluth, Frances McCall,Thies, Michael F.(1999).Electoral Reform and the Fate of Factions: The Case of Japan' s Liberal Democratic Party.British Journal of Political Science,29(1),33-56.
  26. Cox, Karen E.,Schoppa, Leonard J.(2002).Interaction Effects in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Theory and Evidence from Germany, Japan, and Italy.Comparative Political Studies,35(9),1027-1053.
  27. Curtis, Gerald L.(1999).The Logic of Japanese Politics.New York:Columbia University Press.
  28. Donovan, Mark.(1955).The Politics of Electoral Reform in Italy.International Political Science Review,16(1),47-64.
  29. Downs, Anthony(1957).An Economic Theory of Democracy.New York:Harper & Row.
  30. Dunleavy, Patric,,Margetts, Helen(1995).Understanding the Dynamics of Electoral Reform.International Political Science Review,16(1),9-30.
  31. Duverger, Maurice(1954).Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State.London:Methuen.
  32. Ferrara, Federico(2004).Electoral Coordination and the Strategic Desertion of Strong Parties in Compensatory Mixed Systems with Negative Vote Transfers.Electoral Studies,23(3),391-413.
  33. Ferrara, Federico,Herron, Erik S.(2005).Going It Alone? Strategic Entry under Mixed Electoral Rules.American Journal of Political Science,49(1),391-413.
  34. Ferrara, Federico,Herron, Erik,Nishikawa, Misa(2005).Mixed Electoral Systems.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
  35. Fujimura, Naofumi(2007).The Power Relationship between the Prime Minister and Ruling Party Legislators: the Postal Service Privatization Act of 2005 in Japan.Japanese Journal of Political Science,8(2),233-261.
  36. Gallagher, Michael(ed.),Mitchell, Paul(ed.)(2005).The Politics of Electoral System.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  37. Gallagher, Michael.(1998).The Political Impact of Electoral System Change in Japan and New Zealand, 1996.Party Politics,4(2),203-228.
  38. Gallapher, Michael(ed.),Mitchell, Paul(ed.)(2005).The Politics of Electoral Systems.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  39. Grofman, Bernard(ed.),Lijphart, Arend(ed.)(1986).Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences.New York:Agathon Press.
  40. Gschwend, Thomas(2007).Ticket-splitting and Strategic Voting under Mixed Electoral Rules: Evidence from Germany.European Journal of Political Research,46(1),1-23.
  41. Gschwend, Thomas,Johnston, Ron,Pattie, Charles(2003).Split-Ticket Patterns in Mixed-Member Proportional Election Systems: Estimates and Analyses of Their Spatial Variation at the German Federal Election, 1998.British Journal of Political Science,33(1),109-127.
  42. Heckman, James J.(1978).Dummy Endogenous Variables in a Simultaneous Equation System.Econometrica,46(6),931-959.
  43. Heckman, James J.(1976).The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models.Annals of Economic and Social Measurement,5(4),475-492.
  44. Heckman, James J.(1979).Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.Econometrica,547(1),153-161.
  45. Herron, Erik S.,Nishikawa, Misa(2001).Contamination Effects and the Number of Parties in Mixed-Superposition Electoral Systems.Electoral Studies,21(1),63-86.
  46. Hirano, Hiroshi(2004).Split-ticket Voting under the Mixed Electoral System in Japan.Review of Electoral Studies,2,19-37.
  47. Hizen, Yoichi(2007).The Effect of Dual Candidacy on Voting Decisions.Japanese Journal of Political Science,7(3),289-366.
  48. Huang, Chi.(2007).Assessing the Impact of Mixed Electoral System in Taiwan: Methodological Challenges of Testing Interaction Effects.International Symposium on Mixed Electoral Systems in East Asia,Taipei, Taiwan:
  49. Huang, Chi,Chen, Lu-huei,Chou, Ying-lung(2008).Taiwan' s New Mixed Electoral System and Its Effects on 2008 Legislative Election.2008 年度選挙学会 分科会E アジア・比較部会「東アジアの選挙」,Tokyo, Japan:
  50. Jou, Willy.(2009).Electoral Reform and Party System Development in Japan and Taiwan.Asian Survey,49(5),759-785.
  51. Jou, Willy.(2010).Toward A Two-Party System or Two Party Systems? Patterns of Competition in Japan' s Single-Member Districts, 1996-2005.Party Politics,16(3),370-393.
  52. Kabashima, Ikuo.(1998).The Instability of Party Identification among Eligible Japanese Voters: A Seven-Wave Panel Study, 1993-6.Party Politics,4,177-201.
  53. Karp, Jeffrey A.,Vowles, Jack,Banducci, Susan A.,Donovan, Todd(2002).Strategic Voting, Party Activity, and Candidate Effects: Test Explanations for Split Voting in New Zealand's New Mixed System.Electoral Studies,21(1),1-22.
  54. Katz, Richard S.(1996).Electoral Reform and the Transformation of Party Politics in Italy.Party Politics,2(1),31-53.
  55. Kostadinova, T.(2002).Do Mixed Electoral Systems Matter? A Cross-National Analysis of their Effects in Eastern Europe.Electoral Studies,21(1),23-34.
  56. LeDuc, Lawrence.(ed.),Neimi, Richard G.(ed.),Norris, Pippa.(ed.)(1996).Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
  57. Lijphart, Arend(1984).Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
  58. Lijphart, Arend(1999).Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
  59. Lin, Jih-wen(2006).The Politics of Reform in Japan and Taiwan.Journal of Democracy,17(2),118-131.
  60. Maddala, G. S.(1983).Limited-dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
  61. Maeda, Ko(2008).Re-examining the Contamination Effect of Japan' s Mixed Electoral System Using Treatment-Effect Model.Electoral Studies,27(4),723-731.
  62. Maeda, Ko.(2010).Factors Behind the Historic Defeat of Japan' s Liberal Democratic Party in 2009.Asian Survey,50(5),888-907.
  63. Massicotte, L.,Blais, A.(1999).Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey.Electoral Studies,18(3),341-366.
  64. Mckean, Margaret A.,Scheiner, Ethan(2000).Japan' s New Electoral System: la plus ça Change….Electoral Studies,19(4),447-477.
  65. Moser, Robert G.(1997).The Impact of Parliamentary Electoral Systems in Russia.Post-Soviet Affairs,13(3),284-302.
  66. Moser, Robert G.,Scheiner, Ethan(2004).Mixed Electoral Systems Mixed Electoral Systems National Analysis.Electoral Studies,23(4),575-599.
  67. Mulgan, Aurelia George(1997).Electoral Determinants of Agrarian Power: Measuring Rural Decline in Japan.Political Studies,45(5),875-899.
  68. Nishikawa, Misa,Herron, Eric S.(2004).Mixed Electoral Rules' Impact on Party Systems.Electoral Studies,23(4),753-768.
  69. Norris, Pippa(2004).Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  70. Norris, Pippa(1997).Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian, and Mixed Systems.International Political Science Review,18(3),297-312.
  71. Pekkanen, Robert,Nyblade, Benjamin,Krauss, Ellis S.(2006).Electoral Incentives in Mixed-Member Systems: Party, Posts, and Zombie Politicians in Japan.American Political Science Review,100(2),183-193.
  72. Reed, Steven R.(1997).The 1996 Japanese General Election.Electoral Studies,16(1),121-125.
  73. Reed, Steven R.(1999).Strategic Voting in the 1996 Japanese General Election.Comparative Political Studies,32(2),257-270.
  74. Reed, Steven R.(2007).Duverger' s Law is Working in Japan.Japanese Journal of Electoral Studies,22,96-106.
  75. Reed, Steven R.(2001).Duverger' s Law is Working in Italy.Comparative Political Studies,32(3),312-327.
  76. Reed, Steven R.(2003).Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System.London:RoutledgeCurzon.
  77. Reed, Steven R.,Schiner, Ethan(2003).Electoral Incentives and Policy Preferences: Mixed Motives Behind Party Defection in Japan.British Journal of Political Science,33,469-490.
  78. Reynolds, Andrew(ed.)(2002).The Architecture of Democracy.New York:Oxford University Press.
  79. Richardson, Bradley M.(1988).Constituency Candidates Versus Parties in Japanese Voting Behavior.American Political Science Review,82(3),695-718.
  80. Riker, William H.(1982).Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and Theory of Social Choice.SanFrancisco:W. H. Freeman.
  81. Sakamoto, Takayuki(1999).Explaining Electoral Reform: Japan versus Italy and New Zealand.Party Politics,5(4),419-438.
  82. Scheiner, Ethan(2006).Democracy Without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in One-Party Dominant State.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  83. Schoen, Harald(1999).Split-Ticket Voting in German Federal Elections, 1953-90: An Example of Sophisticated Balloting?.Electoral Studies,18(4),473-496.
  84. Shugart, Matthew S.(ed.),Wattenberg, Martin P.(ed.)(2001).Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  85. Spafford, D.(1972).Electoral Systems and Voters' Behavior: Comment and a Further Test.Comparative Politics,5(1),129-134.
  86. Stratmann, Thomas,Baur, Martin(2002).Plurality Rule, Proportional Representation, and the German Bundestag: How Incentives to Pork-Barrel Differ Across Electoral Systems.American Journal of Political Science,46(3),506-514.
  87. Stromsdorfer, Ernst(ed.),Farkas, George(ed.)(1981).Evaluation Studies Review Annual.Beverly Hills:Sage.
  88. Taagepera, Rein,Shugart, Matthew S.(1989).Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems.New Haven:Yale University Press.
  89. Thames, F.(2001).Legislative Voting Behavior in the Russian Duma: Understanding the Effect of Mandate.Europe-Asia Studies,53,869-884.
  90. Vowles, Jack(1995).The Politics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand.International Political Science Review,16(1),95-115.
  91. Wada, Junichiro(1996).The Japanese Election System: Three Analytical Perspectives.New York:Routledge.
  92. 上神貴佳(1999)。小選挙区比例代表並立制における公認問題と党内の権力関係。本郷法政紀要,8,80-115。
  93. 久禮義一(2001)。現代選挙論:投票行動と問題点。奈良:萌書房。
  94. 大竹邦実(1996)。実務と研修のためのわかりやすい公職選挙法。東京:?????株式?社。
  95. 大嶽秀夫(1999)。日本政治の対立軸- 93 年以降の政界再編の中で。東京:中央公論新社。
  96. 大嶽秀夫(2006)。小泉純一郎ポピュリズムの研究:その戦略と手法。東京:東洋??新報社。
  97. 小林良彰、亀真奈文(2004)。並立制下における投票行動の問題点。選挙学会紀要,2,5-17。
  98. 川人貞史(1996)。二大政党制に近づけた新選挙制度。朝日新聞,付朝刊
  99. 今井耕介(2007)。計量政治学における因果的推論。レヴァイアサン,40,224-233。
  100. 水崎節文、森裕城(1998)。得票データからみた並立制のメカニズム。選挙研究,13,50-59。
  101. 水崎節文、森裕城(2006)。JED-M 衆議院議員総選挙データ 28~44回。東京:木鐸社。
  102. 水崎節文、森裕城(2007)。総選挙の得票分析1958-2005。東京:木鐸社。
  103. 王業立(2008)。比較選舉制度。台北:五南。
  104. 北岡伸一(1997)。与党と野党の政治力学-新制度の総括と政党政治の行方。中央公論,1月?,28-37。
  105. 平野浩(2007)。変容する日本の社會と投票行動。東京:木鐸社。
  106. 田中善一郎(2005)。日本の総選挙:1946-2003。東京:東京大?出版?。
  107. 名取良太(2002)。選挙制度改革と利益誘導政治。選挙研究,17,128-141。
  108. 成田憲彦(2001)。日本の連立政権形成における国会の論理と選挙制度の論理。選挙研究,16,18-27。
  109. 西平重喜(2005)。選挙制度の理念。選挙研究,20,5-18。
  110. 何思因(1994)。台灣地區選民政黨偏好的變遷:1989-1992。選舉研究,1(1),39-52。
  111. 何思因編、吳玉山編(2000)。政治學報特輯─邁入二十一世紀的政治學31卷。台北:中國政治學會。
  112. 佐佐木毅(1999)。政治改革1800 日の真実。東京:講談社。
  113. 佐藤誠三郎(1997)。新‧一党優位制の開幕。中央公論,4月?,170-183。
  114. 佐藤誠三郎(1997)。選挙制度改革論者は敗北した。諸君,1 月?,60-70。
  115. 吳東野(1996)。「單一選區兩票制」選舉方法之探討:德國、日本、俄羅斯選舉之實例比較。選舉研究,3(1),69-102。
  116. 吳博群(1998)。台北,臺灣大學政治學系。
  117. 村松岐夫、伊藤光利、辻中豊(2001)。日本の政治。東京:有斐閣。
  118. 谷口尚子(2010)。2009年政権交代の長期的.短期的背景。選挙研究,26(2),128-141。
  119. 谷口将紀(2006)。衆議院議員の政策位置。日本政治研究,3(1),90-108。
  120. 岸本一男、蒲島郁夫(1997)。合理的選択理論から見た日本の政党システム。レヴァイアサン,20,84-100。
  121. 林繼文(1999)。單一選區兩票制與選舉制度改革。新世紀智庫論壇,6,69-79。
  122. 林繼文(1997)。制度選擇如何可能:論日本之選舉制度改革。台灣政治學刊,2,63-106。
  123. 河野武司(2007)。日本の衆議院における選挙制度の改革を可能とした諸要因について。東亞混合式選舉制度」國際學術研討會,台北:
  124. 洪永泰(1995)。分裂投票:八十三年臺北市選舉的實證分析。選舉研究,2(1),119-145。
  125. 宮川隆義(1996)。小選挙区比例代表並立制の魔術。東京:政治?報????。
  126. 徐永明(2002)。單一選區兩票制政治模擬之衝擊。新世紀智庫論壇,17,6-16。
  127. 張世賢、黃澤銘、黃積聖(1996)。1996年日本眾議院議員選舉之研究。中國行政評論,6(1),93-156。
  128. 梅津實、森脇俊雅、坪郷實、後房雄、山田真裕(1998)。比較‧選挙政治:90 年代における先進五カ国の選挙。京都:?????書房。
  129. 許介鱗(1991)。日本現代史。台北:三民書局。
  130. 許介鱗(1997)。日本新選舉制度對民主政治的影響。研考雙月刊,21(1),42-48。
  131. 許介鱗、楊鈞池(2006)。日本政治制度。台北:三民書局。
  132. 陳儔美(1997)。從第四十一屆眾議院選舉看日本的新選舉制度。問題與研究,36(4),63-75。
  133. 堤英敬(2002)。選挙制度改革と候補者の政策公約-小選挙区比例代表並立制導入と候補者の選挙戦略。香川法学,22(2),90-120。
  134. 菅源太郎、東恭弘(2009)。衆議院全300 小選挙区データブック2009年夏版。東京:第一書林。
  135. 飯田健、松林哲也(2011)。選挙研究における因果推論の研究動向。選挙研究,27(1),101-119。
  136. 黃紀(2008)。因果推論與觀察研究:「反事實模型」之思考。社會科學論叢,2(1),1-21。
  137. 黃紀編、游清鑫編(2008)。如何評估選制變遷:方法論的探討。台北:五南。
  138. 楊鈞池(2005)。一九九○年代日本選舉制度改革及其影響的分析。高大法學論叢,創刊號,167-216。
  139. 楊鈞池(2007)。「小泉政治」是否改變日本政治秩序:日本制度變遷與秩序重建之分析,以小泉政治為例。2007年中國政治學會年會暨『制度、治理與秩序』,高雄:
  140. 楊鈞池(2001)。台北,國立臺灣大學政治學系。
  141. 鈴木基史(2000)。並立制における投票行動研究の統合的分析アプローチ。選挙研究,15,30-41。
  142. 福岡政行(2001)。日本の選挙。東京:早?田大?出版部。
  143. 蒲島郁夫、菅原琢(2005)。2005 年総選挙分析―自民党圧勝の構図地方の刺客が呼んだ『都市の蜂起』。中央公論,11月?,108-118。
  144. 蔡增家(2004)。日本轉型:九○年之後政治經濟體制的轉變。台北:五南。
  145. 選挙制度研究会編(2005)。衆議院選挙要覽。東京:國政情報????。
  146. 謝復生(1992)。政黨比例代表制。台北:理論與政策雜誌社。
  147. 内田満(1983)。政党政治の論理。東京:三嶺書房。
  148. 曽根泰教(2005)。衆議院選挙制度改革の評価。選挙研究,20,19-34。
  149. 読売新聞社編(1996)。大変革への序章:検証‧新制度下の' 96 衆院選。東京:??新聞社。
  150. ード,スティーブン・R(2003)。並立制における小選挙区候補者の比例代表得票率への影響。選挙研究,18,5-11。
被引用次数
  1. 郭銘峰、王鼎銘(2014)。小泉執政時期眾參兩院選舉之定群追蹤分析:固定與隨機效果並用法之應用。選舉研究,21(1),127-167。
  2. 黃紀、郭銘峰、王鼎銘(2014)。日本選民政黨支持與投票抉擇:小泉執政時期參眾兩院選舉的分析。臺灣政治學刊,18(2),1-78。
  3. 嚴馥妤,林玫吟,王智賢(2019)。禮讓參選的賽局分析。選舉研究,26(2),1-22。