屬靈的或屬世的？論霍布斯的政教關係理論

Spiritual or Secular? On Hobbes's Theory of Church-State Relation

10.6166/TJPS.71(1-40)

梁裕康(Yu-kang Liang)

霍布斯 ； 馬蒂尼奇 ； 柯林斯 ； 宗教 ； Thomas Hobbes ； A. P. Martinich ； Jeffery Collins ； Religion

政治科學論叢

71期（2017 / 03 / 01）

1 - 39

繁體中文

綜觀霍布斯畢生的著作，可以發現一個明顯卻不太被關注的傾向：有關宗教議題的討論，在霍布斯越後期的作品中，所佔的篇幅越大。如果這個現象代表霍布斯對於宗教議題逐漸重視，那麼我們應該如何來評價這個部分？馬蒂尼奇（A. P. Martinich）認為霍布斯的主權者權力來自上帝，柯林斯（J. Collins）則認為政教關係（church-state relation）才是霍布斯宗教理論的核心。本文將指出，霍布斯的宗教理論是對於其公民科學（civil science）的另一種描述（alternative description），旨在透過宗教語言，讓當時耽溺在宗教紛爭的英格蘭，能夠接受理性推演結論。在這層意義上，馬蒂尼奇與柯林斯只說對了部分的情況。

Among his numerous works, Thomas Hobbes’s writings concerning religion receive relatively little attention. This seems an odd ignorance since he was getting more and more attentive to this subject in his later works. In recent years Hobbes’s conception of religion has been taken more seriously for its role in his whole theory. A. P. Martinich holds a deontological interpretation of Hobbes’ theory that the power of the sovereign comes from God’s command. Rather, Jeffery Collins contends that the essence of Hobbes’ idea about religion lies in the church-state relation, which dominates his allegiance to the sovereign. Contrary to these opinions, I argue that Hobbes religion is an alternative description of his civil science. The reason why he was doing so consists in his belief that the pervasive discourse in contemporary England is rather religious than rational. To promote his civil science, it is necessary to wrap his theory with a Christian disguise.

1. 周家瑜(2014)。霍布斯論自然法與政治義務。政治與社會哲學評論，50，59-100。
   連結：
2. Hobbes, Thomas. 1840. “The Elements of Law: Human Nature and De Corpore Politico.” In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, ed. William Molesworth. London: John Bohn, 1-228.
3. Strauss, Leo. 1936. The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
4. Taylor, A. E. 1938. “The Ethical Doctrine of Hobbes.” Philosophy 13(52): 406-424.
5. Hobbes, Thomas. 1839a. “Behemoth: The History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England, and of the Counsels and Artifices by which They Were Carried on from the Year 1640 to the Year 1660.” In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, ed. William Molesworth. London: John Bohn, 161-418.
6. Calvin, Jean. 1813. 2 Institutes of the Christian Religion. 6th American ed., Rev. and corrected. ed. John Allen. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication.
7. Tawney, Richard Henry. 1941. “The Rise of the Gentry, 1558-1640.” The Economic History Review 11(1): 1-38.
8. (2014)。聖經。臺北市:聖經公會。
9. Hobbes, Thomas. 1841. “De Cive.” In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, ed. William Molesworth. London: John Bohn, Vol 6.
10. Hobbes, Thomas. 1839b. “Leviathen.” In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, ed. William Molesworth. London: John Bohn Vol 3.
11. Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. 1904. 5 History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. London ; New York [etc.]: Longmans, Green, and Co.
12. Hobbes, Thomas. 1843. “The History of the Grecian War, Volumn 1.” In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, ed. William Molesworth. London: John Bohn, Vol.1.
13. Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. 1883. 10 History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642. London: Longmans, Green.
14. Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. 1903. 4 History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1656. New ed. London ; New York [etc.]: Longmans, Green, and Co.
15. Austin, John Langshaw(1975).How to Do Things with Words.Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press.
16. Aylmer, G. E.(ed.)(1972).The Interregnum: the Quest for Settlement, 1646-1660.Hamden, Conn.:Archon Bk.
17. Brown, Keith C.(ed.)(1965).Hobbes: Studies.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
18. Burns, James Henderson(ed.)(1991).The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
19. Collins, Jeffrey R.(2009).Interpreting Thomas Hobbes in Competing Contexts.Journal of the History of Ideas,70(1),165-180.
20. Collins, Jeffrey R.(2007).The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
21. Cranston, Maurice William(ed.),Peters, R. S.(ed.)(1972).Hobbes and Rousseau: A Collection of Critical Essays, Modern Studies in Philosophy.Garden City, N.Y:Anchor Books.
22. Curley, Edwin(1992).'I Durst Not Write So Boldly' or How to Read Hobbes' Theological-Political Treatise.Hobbes e Spinoza, scienza e politica: Atti del Convegno internazionale, Urbino, 14-17 ottobre, 1988,Naples:
23. Elliott, J. H.(ed.),Koenigsberger, H. G.(ed.)(1970).The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield,London:
24. Fletcher, Anthony(1981).The Outbreak of the English Civil War.London:Edward Arnold.
25. Grotius, Hugo,Tuck, Richard(ed.)(2005).The Rights of War and Peace.Indianapolis, Ind:Liberty Fund..
26. Hill, Christopher(1966).The English Revolution, 1640: An Essay.London:Lawrence & Wishart.
27. Höpfl, Harro(ed.)(1991).Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority, Cambridge Text in the History of Political Thought.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
28. Johnston, David(1989).The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation.Princeton; Guildford:Princeton University Press.
29. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm,Farrer, Austin Marsden(ed.)(1985).Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil.La Salle, Ill:Open Court.
30. Lloyd, Sharon Anne(2002).Ideals as Interests in Hobbes's Leviathan: The Power of Mind over Matter.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
31. Martinich, Aloysius Patrick(1992).The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
32. Martinich, Aloysius Patrick(2009).Interpreting the Religion of Thomas Hobbes: An Exchange Hobbes's Erastianism and Interpretation.Journal of the History of Ideas,70(1),143-163.
33. Miller, Ted H.(2011).Mortal Gods: Science, Politics, and the Humanist Ambitions of Thomas Hobbes.
34. Nagel, Thomas(1959).Hobbes's Concept of Obligation.The Philosophical Review,68(1),68-83.
35. Oakeshott, Michael. J.(1975).Hobbes on Civil Association.Berkeley:University of California Press.
36. Pagden, Anthony(ed.)(1987).The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe.Cambridge University Press.
37. Phillipson, N. T.(ed.),Skinner, Quentin (ed.)(1993).Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, Ideas in Context.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
38. Pocock, John Greville Agard(1989).Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
39. Pope, Alexander,Mack, Maynard(ed.)(2002).An Essay on Man.London:Routledge.
40. Riley, Patrick(ed.)(1988).Political Writings of Leibniz, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
41. Russell, Conrad(1990).The Causes of the English Civil War.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
42. Russell, Conrad(ed.)(1973).The Origins of the English Civil War.London:Macmillan.
43. Searle, John R.(1969).Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language.Cambridge:Cambridge U.P..
44. Skinner, Quentin(1966).The Ideological Context of Hobbes's Political Thought.The Historical Journal,9(3),286-317.
45. Skinner, Quentin(1996).Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
46. Skinner, Quentin(ed.)(2002).Visions of Politics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
47. Sommerville, Johann Peter(2004).Hobbes and Independency.Rivista Di Storia Della Filosofia,59(1),155-173.
48. Tuck, Richard(1993).Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
49. Tyacke, Nicholas(1990).Anti-Calvinists: the Rise of English Arminianism, c. 1590-1640.Oxford [England]:Oxford University Press.
50. Vallance, Edward(2001).Oaths, Casuistry, and Equivocation: Anglican Responses to the Engagement Controversy.The Historical Journal,44(1),59-77.
51. Wallace, Dewey D.(2011).Shapers of English Calvinism, 1660-1714: Variety, Persistence, and Transformation.New York:Oxford University Press.
52. Warrender, Howard(1957).The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
53. Yule, George(1958).The Independents in the English Civil War.Cambridge [Eng.]:Cambridge University Press.