社會如何形塑心理系統？

Social Formation of Psychic Systems

10.6417/SJS.200606.0149

黃信洋(Shinn-Young Huang)

心理系統 ； 意識 ； 現象 ； 自我指涉 ； 異我指涉 ； Psychic Systems ； Consciousness ； Phenomenon ； Self-reference ； Hetero-reference

東吳社會學報

20期（2006 / 06 / 01）

149 - 172

繁體中文

孤寂落寞往往是人們不時會產生的特殊感受，而人們特別是在寂寥落寞的時候才會意識到自己擁有一副裝有脆弱心靈的身軀。究竟落寞的心態因何而生？更廣義的講，究竟人的七情六欲因何而生？按尼采的說法，一方面，人類的心理動盪起伏乃源自於弱者對於暴虐強者的懼怕，也就是社會大眾對於殘暴者的畏懼；另一方面，透過酷刑的施予，社會的規範就被「烙印」在強者的身上，「良心」因而出現。於是乎，強者身上也發生了情緒起伏的波動。如按魯曼的說法，就運作上而言，心理系統與社會系統彼此會相互扣聯，既獨立又關聯；就觀察上來說，意識可以說是社會溝通的產物。意識系統的運作過程會不斷地擺盪在意識與現象之間，也就是擺盪在自我指涉與異我指涉之間。胡賽爾認為哲學乃是哲思者私人的事，意味著哲思者必然要過著孤寂的生活，因為所探求的一切只能夠向自己的內心之中尋找。

Sense of solitude is the special feeling that people will have at occasion, and one will be aware of the fragile mind attached on his body when being solitary. How is sense of solitude created? More broadly speaking, where do human emotions come from? Based on the ideas of Nietzsche, on the one hand, the unrest of human psyche comes from the inferiors' fear of the superiors' brutality, that is, the social crowds' dread of barbarians; on the other hand, the social norm is ”seared” on the bodies of the superiors through torture, after which the ”conscience” comes to the fore. Thus, the upheaval of emotions also appears on the mind of the superiors. For Luhmann, from the angle of operation, psychic and social systems have couplings to each other; from the angle of observation, consciousness could be taken as the products of social communication. The operation of conscious systems will oscillate between consciousness and phenomenon, that is, between self-reference and hetero-reference. Husserl considers that philosophy is the privacy of the meditator. This means that the meditator has to live a solitary life, because everything in question can be sought only in his mind.

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