帛琉台灣漁業基地：漁場與日本市場的連結

Taiwan's Fishing Landing Base in Palau-The Linkage between Fishing Grounds and Japan Market

10.6234/JGR.2010.53.01

陳憲明(Hsien-Ming Chen)

漁業基地 ； 鮪釣漁業 ； 區位條件 ； 太平洋 ； 商品連鎖 ； fishing landing base ； tuna longline fishing ； location conditions ； the Pacific ； commodity chain

地理研究

53期（2010 / 11 / 01）

1 - 21

繁體中文

帛琉爲太平洋諸島位置最偏西邊的群島，歷經西班牙、德國、日本及美國的統治，1994年獲得獨立並加入聯合國。帛琉近海漁業資源豐富，其漁業呈雙層結構，包含沿岸潟湖區帛琉人本身的傳統自給式漁撈，和深海區由台灣人和日本人等所經營的商業性鮪釣漁業。台灣鮪漁業在1990年代才逐漸在帛琉基地穩定的立足，2000年以後至今，帛琉的外國船，以台籍船佔極大的比率。2005-07年帛琉基地的台灣船有100餘艘，分成5個船隊，每一船隊由一家台灣的漁船代理商協助漁船在漁撈、補給、卸魚、漁獲物出口等相關業務，船隊和代理商又須依附在帛琉當地的PITI、PMIC、KFC三家漁業公司之下，因此形成帛琉當地的漁業公司→台灣漁船代理商→台灣漁船三個層次的組織架構，各自扮演其角色。台灣漁船在海外的漁業基地約70處之多，其中以帛琉、關島與台灣之間的距離最近，區位條件優越，漁獲物經台北或關島轉運到日本迅速便利，也易於由台灣補給餌料和漁船上的食物。帛琉位於颱風路徑之南，漁撈作業少受颱風的干擾，這一點更是關島所不及的。帛琉爲太平洋島嶼論壇(PIF)的加盟國，外國漁船均須加裝船舶監控系統(VMS)，海上行蹤均受監督，漁獲量多寡也都透明化。帛琉對外國漁船的規範比其他南太平洋國家更加嚴格，禁止有漁業合作之外國籍漁船在沿岸24海浬海域內作業，在基地港Malakal以東更禁止進入50浬內的水域作業。其他對鯊魚的捕撈或混獲也都訂很高的罰則，而台灣漁民觸法頻頻，常因小而失大，阻礙漁業正常的發展。此外，2008年以來國際油價爆漲，使得漁業成本大增，在魚價難以提升的情況下，經營更加困難，台灣海外漁業基地的營運前景堪憂。

Palau is an archipelago located on the western edge of the Pacific Ocean. The island chain has come under Spanish, German, Japanese and American rule, gaining independence and entry into the United Nations in 1994. Due to its location, Palau has an abundance of fishing resources and can be said to have a two-tier fishing industry structure. This includes a lagoon area that is the traditional fishing spots of the Palau people as well as a deep sea area that Taiwanese and Japanese among others fish commercially for tuna. Taiwan tuna boats gradually gained a stronghold in Palau in the 1990's and from 2000 to this day Taiwan ships make up a large percentage of foreign ships plying the waters of Palau. In 2005-2007 there were over one hundred Taiwanese ships making Palau as their base. These ships were divided into five fleets with a Taiwanese fishing agent serving each fleet with fishing, supplies, unloading and catch export matters. The fleets and agent were required to work with three local Palau fishery companies PITI, PMIC and KFC. This formed a three-tier organizational structure: local Palau fisheries→Taiwanese fishing agents→Taiwanese fishing vessels, each having its own role to play. Taiwanese fishing boats have over seventy bases abroad, with the closest being between Palau, Guam and Taiwan. The favorable location conditions involved make it easier to transship catches from Taipei or Guam to Japan as well as send bait and food to ship from Taiwan. As Palau is located south of the typhoon route, fishing boats are less likely to encounter the storms there, which makes it a more favorable base than Guam.Palau is a member nation of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF). Foreign ships are required to equip the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) that oversees the ships and helps to keep catch numbers transparent. The restrictions on foreign fishing vessels imposed by Palau are stricter than those imposed by other South Pacific nations. Foreign vessels collaborating with Palau are forbidden from operating within a twenty-four nautical mile radius from national shores. This restriction is extended to fifty nautical miles eastward from the base port of Malakal. There are also heavy fines imposed on shark catches or bycatches. As Taiwanese fishermen often break the law, the losses incurred hinder the normal development of Taiwan's fishing industry. Furthermore, international crude oil prices have been on the rise since 2008, increasing costs for the fishing industry. Fish prices don't seem to be on the rise as well, making operations that much more difficult. Thus future prospects for Taiwanese overseas fishing bases don't seem to be that optimistic.

1. 坪谷幸六(1942)：〈內南洋の地誌〉，飯本信之等編《南洋地理大系第二卷》，東京：ダイヤモンド社，349-400。
2. Wikipedia(2005):(Palau.PNG),《http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Palau.PNG》。(2010/5/3/瀏覽)
3. 財團法人中華民國對外漁業合作發展協會（1994）：《八十三年度工作報告》，6-7。
4. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission(WCPFC)(2007):(Annual Report WP-22Palau.pdf),《http://www.wcpfc.int/doc/ar-wp-22/republic-palau-0》。(2010/5/3/瀏覽)
5. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission(WCPFC)(2008):(Palau Annual Report (Part 1)-SC4.pgf)，《http://www.wcpfc.int/doc/ar-wp-22/republic-palau》。(2010/5/3/瀏覽)
6. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission(WCPFC)（2009）：〈SC5-AR-CCM-17[Palau].pdf〉，《http://www.wcpfc.int/doc/ar-ccm-17/palau》。（2010/5/2/瀏覽）
7. Campbell, I.C.、蔡百銓譯(1994)。大洋洲史。台北:國立編譯館。
8. Close Up Foundation(2000).Micronesia: A Guide Through the Centuries.Alexandria:the United States Department of Interior, Office of Insular Affairs.
9. Gereffi, G.(ed.),Korzeniewicz, M.(ed.)(1994).Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism.Westport:Greenwood Press.
10. Government of Guam(1981).Guam Annual Economic Review,37-39.
11. Hopkins, T. K.,Wallerstein, I.(1986).Commodity chains in the world-economy prior to 1800.Review,10,157-170.
12. Hughes, A.(ed.),Reimer, S.(ed.)(2004).Geographies of Commodity Chains.London:Routeledge.
13. Lawson, Timothy A.(2006).Tuna Fishery Yearbook 2005.Pohnpei:Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission.
14. Rechebei, E.D.(1997).History of Palau: Heritage of an Emerging Nation.Palau:The Ministry of Eduction.
15. Sisior, Kathy(2007).,Palau:Oceanic Fisheries Management Section, Bureau of Marine Resources.
16. Takeda, J.,Mad, P. K.(1996).Traditional Palauan lunar calendar and the fishing-gleaning activities on reef flate and/or in lagoons in the western Caroline Islands,Micronesia.南太平洋海域調查研究報告,30,91-106.
17. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)(2006).,Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC).
18. 台灣區鮪魚公會(2008)。鮪漁業，445，38。
19. 石川榮吉編(1987)。オセアニア世界の伝統と変貌。東京:山川出版社。
20. 行政院農委會(1993)。台灣漁業40年專輯。行政院農委會。
21. 吳國慶(2007)。WCPFC 所管轄的水域是鲔資源管理的最重要海域。國際漁業資訊，180，53-57。
22. 胡念祖(1994)。我國遠洋漁業在南太平洋之發展政策研究。行政院農委會漁業署。
23. 荒木一視、高橋誠、後藤拓也、池田真志、岩間信之、伊賀聖屋、立見淳哉、池口明子(2007)。食料の地理學における新しい理論的潮流─日本に関する展望。E-journal GEO，2(1)，43-59。
24. 陳憲明(2006)。印尼巴里島台灣漁業基地的區位分析。地理研究，45，1-22。
25. 陳憲明(2000)。琉球嶼之鮪釣漁業發展。地理研究，33，199-220。
26. 黃貴民(2001)。,行政院農委會漁業署。
27. 葉裕民(2008)。中西太平洋漁業委員會2008年鲔類資源評估準備會議報告。國際漁業資訊，185，40-48。
28. 廣吉勝治(1995)。マグロの需給構造の変化と生產構造の展望。漁業經濟研究，40(2)，93-110。
29. 蔡天享(2007)。WCPFC第3屆技術與紀律次委員會結果概要。國際漁業資訊，181，50-54。
30. 蔡坤州、宮澤晴彥(1998)。台灣におけるマグロ漁業の展開過程─マグロ延繩漁業を中心として。漁業經濟研究，43(1)，57-82。
31. 国際漁業研究会編(1986)。國際漁業の研究。東京:恆星社厚生閣。

1. 陳憲明(2017)。斐濟的台灣鮪漁業：與PAFCO罐頭廠的連結。地理研究，67，59-80。
2. 吳映青(2019)。海路：從人類學視角看臺灣近海漁業。中國飲食文化，15(2)，7-53。