試驗場與熱帶殖民地：1900年代美屬菲律賓的農業歷史地理

Experiment Station and Tropical Colony: Historical Geography of Agriculture in the Philippines under the American Administration, 1900s

10.6234/JGR.2016.65.03

葉爾建(Er-Jian Yeh)

試驗場 ； 種畜場 ； 美屬菲律賓 ； 地點 ； 位置 ； Experiment station ； Stock farm ； the American Philippines ； Site ； Location

地理研究

65期（2016 / 11 / 01）

59 - 74

繁體中文

1898 年，美國獲得菲律賓的統治權。美國在菲律賓之政廳為遂行殖民意圖，乃配合地理環境先後設立為數不少的「試驗場（experiment station）」和「種畜場（stock farm）」，以期發展群島的熱帶農牧業。基於選種、育種等農藝（agronomy）觀念發展而成的試驗場和種畜場，往往擔任多重任務。試驗場不僅嘗試移植外來之溫帶、熱帶農作物，並馴化當地植物，培育適合群島各式自然環境生長的穀物、牧草和果樹等。種畜場的設立有時供作肉牛、役畜的培育所，有時化身為鮮乳的供應場。Alabang 種畜場則較為特別，陸續加入血清製造和獸醫實驗等業務，堪稱是全菲律賓最具綜合性質的種畜場。本研究透過試驗場地點和位置的分析，初探二十世紀第一個十年美國在菲島經營殖民地農業的藍圖。具體而言，本文首先重建1900 年代菲島不同試驗場的地理分布；其次，將試驗場分類，並舉例說明不同類型的試驗場設立的主旨與區位選擇；最後，藉由以上發現探究美政廳針對菲律賓群島各區域所擘劃的農業經營架構。

After the Treaty of Paris of 1898, the United States began its administration in the Philippine Islands. In order to promote the plant and animal industries in the tropics of the Philippines, the colonial American government established a variety of ＂experiment stations＂ and ＂stock farms＂ in accordance with the diverse geographical settings. Based on the conceptions of agronomy, such as selection and breeding, the experiment organizations were usually responsible for a range of professional works. On the one hand, the experiment stations not only introduced temperate and tropical crops from overseas, but also domesticate native plants such as grains, forages and fruits. On the other hand, stock farms were created for feeding beef cattle and draft animals as well as supplying fresh milk for the capital towns. Through a sketch analysis of the sites and locations of experiment stations, this paper reveals the historical geography of colonial agriculture in the Philippines in the early twentieth century.

1. Leon, J. (1928a). Cover crop, fertilizer, and top-working experiments with Mandarin trees at the Tanauan Citrus Experiment Station from 1923 to 1927, The Philippine Agricultural Review, 21(2): 173-182.
2. Office of Experiment Stations (1902). The Establishment of a New Experiment Station in England, Experiment Station Record 1901-1902, 13: 505-506.
3. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1909). La Carlota Sugar Farm, The Philippine Agricultural Review,2(1): 4-6.
4. Secretary, (1902). Agricultural Investigations in the Philippines, Report of Secretary, Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1901: 76-77.
5. Wester, P. J. (1917). New or noteworthy tropical fruits in the Philippines. The Philippine Agricultural Review, 10(1):8-23.
6. Bureau of Agiculture (1908). Distribution of Maguey, Eighth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission,1907: 49-50.
7. Office of Experiment Stations (1908). Editorial, Experiment Station Record 1908-1909, 20: 105-108.
8. The Secretary of the Interior (1905). Establishment of a diary farm, Fifth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1904, part 2: 61-63.
9. The Secretary of the Interior (1908). Alabang Stock Farm, Eighth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1907, part 2: 54-55.
10. Nance, J. E. (1909). Iloilo live-stock quarantine station, The Philippine Agricultural Review, 2(9):494-495. Office of Experiment Stations (1901). Notes, Experiment Station Record 1900-1901, 12: 1000.
11. The Secretary of the Interior (1904g). Animal industry, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission,1903, part 2: 53-54.
12. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1913). Annual Report 1912-1913. The Philippine Agricultural Review,4(12): 593.
13. Schurman, J. G. (1900). The Philippine islands and Their People, Journal of American Geographical Society of New York, 32: 2, pp.142-145
14. The Chief of the Bureau of Agiculture (1904b). Experiments at Baguio, Benguet. Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part2: 52.
15. The Secretary of the Interior (1904f). Government Rice Farm, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part 2:54-55.
16. True, A. C. (1899). The agricultural experiment stations. Science-New Series, 9(215): 199-206.
17. The Chief of the Bureau of Agiculture (1904c). Experiments Station in Batangas. Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part2: 51-52.
18. The Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture (1905). Stock farm at Culion, Fifth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission,1904, part 2: 488-489.
19. Leon, J. (1928b). Progress report on the storage and curing of Mandarin oranges at the Tanauan Citrus Experiment Station, The Philippine Agricultural Review, 21(2): 161-172.
20. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1911a). Orange growing in Batangas. The Philippine Agricultural Review, 4(2): 94-95.
21. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1912b). Annual report 1911-1912. The Philippine Agricultural Review, 3(13): ⅩⅩⅲ.
22. The Secretary of the Interior (1904b). Government Farm at San Ramon, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part 2: 51.
23. Merrill, M. C. (1910). The Baguio experiment station, The Philippine Agricultural Review, 3(6)：337-346.
24. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1908). La Granja Modelo, The Philippine Agricultural Review, 1(4):163-165.
25. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1911b). Orange trees culture. The Philippine Agricultural Review,4(3): 159-160.
26. The Secretary of the Interior (1904a). Experiment station at Manila, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part 2: 50-51.
27. Cutshall, Alden (1938). Trends of Philippine sugar production, Economic Geography, 14(2): 154-155.
28. Doryland, E. D. (1917). Effects of Formalin-Bordeaux mixture on citrus canker, The Philippine Agricultural Review, 10(1): 52-54.
29. Philippine Bureau of Agriculture (1911c). Fruit expert for the Bureau of Agriculture. The Philippine Agricultural Review, 4(5): 267-268.
30. The Secretary of the Interior (1904c). Changes in working force, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission,1903, part 2: 48-49.
31. White, W. J. (1909). The Government farm at San Ramon. The Philippine Agricultural Review, 2(3): 129-133.
32. Williams, D.（1898). Review article- Experiment Science in the States, British Medical Journal, 1(1956):1672-1673.
33. Cook, Orator Fuller (1902). Agriculture in the Tropical Islands of the United States, Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1901: 349-368.
34. The Secretary of the Interior (1904d). Soil investigation, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission,1903, part 2: 647-648.
35. The Secretary of the Interior (1904e). Plans for continuing soil work, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part 2: 648-649.
36. Philippine Bureau of Agiculture (1912a). Ilagan Tobacco Station. The Philippine Agricultural Review1912, V.9, XXXV- XXXVii
37. The Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture (1904a). Experiment station in Malate, Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, part 2: 653-656.
38. The Secretary of the Interior (1906). Other work in animal industry, Sixth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1905, part 2: 46.
39. Overfield, R. A.(1990).Science follows the flag: the office of experiment stations and American expansion.Agricultural History,64(2),31-40.
40. 趙松喬、吳關琦、王士鶴(1964)。菲律賓地理。北京=Peking:科學出版社=Science Press Ltd。