American Women in Legal Education: A Historical Perspective

美國婦女法律教育史

10.7015/JEAS.199909.0181

王玉葉(Lydia Yu-Yeh Wang)

法律教育 ； 法律職業 ； 美國第一個法學院女生 ； 美國第一個女律師 ； 法律課程中之性別偏見 ； legal education ； legal profession ； first American woman law students ； first American woman lawyer ； gender bias in the law school curriculum

歐美研究

29卷3期（1999 / 09 / 01）

181 - 222

英文

本篇論文旨在追溯美國早期婦女突破性別障礙，爭取接受法律教育及執業律師機會之艱辛歷程，臻至近代發展轉變之結果。本文並探討其轉變之原因與對婦女從事法律服務業之影響，以及婦女本身此後因應之道。依傳統英美法慣例，律師屬陽剛職業，婦女一向不准執業律師。美國開國後，律師業務蓬勃發展，水準提高，成為全職專業。尤其早年巡迴法庭制度，律師須騎馬追隨法官至鄉間開庭。而且法庭上犀利及粗魯的言詞辯論，均被認為非柔弱之女性的智力與體力所能勝任，故美國開國後一百年間沒有女律師出現。自1870年左右開始，才有數位婦女突破限制，獲准進入法學院就讀或參加律師考試。但在1873年至1890年間，仍有很多案件經美國最高法院判決，禁止通過律師考試之婦女執業。至1920年，隨著婦女獲得選舉權，美國各州才全面開放，允許婦女執業律師。在1870年至1970年間美國律師人數呈穩定性成長，大約每十年增加25%。美國今日人口不及世界總人口數之5%，但卻擁有超過全世界半數以上之律師。但直至1970年，美國律師仍以男性居多數，占97%。美國婦女一直受性別歧視及經濟能力限制，常被排擠在正規法學院門外，此種情況至1970年代律師人數急遽增加（1970年代增加90%，1980年代增加48%）才有轉變。其間法學院申請人數增加三倍，而女生人數卻增加十四倍。1980年獲得法學院學位之女生人數為1965年之三十倍。今日法學院之女生人數已占全部學生之40%以上，增加速度不可謂不快。1960年代種族運動與婦女運動勃興，促使制定民權法案，保障入學及就業機會平等，帶動社會觀念覺醒，對促成女學生大量進入法學院就讀有一定程度之影響。其中更基本的原因是律師業務本身結構之轉型。律師事務所規模擴大，擁有數百位合夥律師，採企業化經營方式，細密分工，僱用很多低薪之法律助理及行政人員，以降低營運成本。此舉增加很多婦女就業機會，但眾多婦女只盤據中低層職位，最高位置仍保留給男性。要改善婦女在法律服務業之地位，須從法律教育著手。法學院之課程及教學方法須尊重女性，去除其中帶有性別歧視之內容，並注入女性觀點。此外，法學院更應增聘女教授，作為女學生學習楷模，讓學生在學校內習慣於男女平等之觀念。而社會上也應建立制度，配合婦女就業的需要，直至男女有完全平等機會為止。

With less than 5 percent of the world's population, the United States has about one-half of the world's lawyers. American legal services have turned into a major national industry. This paper addresses the question of to what extent, under the traditional masculine consciousness of the legal profession, women could historically participate in this prestigious profession. It explores the development of the American legal profession and the reasons why women lawyers were totally absent in the first century of American history. It traces the efforts of early American women to enter this profession by obtaining a legal education, their struggles against sex-based discrimination and exclusion in the 19th century, the transformation of legal education and the legal profession in the 20th century, and the unprecedented expansion of women law students after the 1970's. This paper also assesses the significance of the recent increase in women's attendance in law school and in practice, and offers a proposal as to how law schools and the society might respond to these changes.

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