英國政署之組織設計與運作成效

The British Agency System: Its Organization and Implementation

10.7015/JEAS.200009.0089

彭錦鵬(Thomas C. P. Peng)

政署 ； 英國文官制度 ； 新公共管理 ； 民營化 ； 續階計畫 ； agency ； British civil service ； new public management ； privatization ； Next Steps

歐美研究

30卷3期（2000 / 09 / 01）

89 - 141

繁體中文

英國的政署模式（即續階計畫）自1988年開始逐年推廣實施以來，已使將近八成文官納入政署模式的運作下，形成英國文官體制一百五十年來的最大變革。政署是在主管部之下，藉由架構文件，而由執行長來全權管理的文官組織，主要在履行政策的執行工作，提供人民較佳的服務。它有明確的組織目標，也有具體的服務標準，預算在財政部授權範圍下得以彈性運用，且必須就其績效對主管部、國會、公眾負責，並每年公告出版其業務成果。英國推動政署制的過程，具有以下的特點：第一，英國採用漸進推廣的模式，有助於改正制度之不周全處。第二，實驗性質的推廣，可以減少阻力，也可以就比較易於採行政署制的單位先行辦理。第三，改制政署的單位已先進行前置選項的檢定，先行排除民營化、外包等之可能性，有助於確定政署在政府體系中之功能定位。

The implementation of the British ＂agency＂ system, beginning in 1988, was the most radical change in U. K. civil service history since 1854. Agencies are headed by fixed-term and contracted chief executives. Although still under the jurisdiction of the ministries, agencies have substantial discretion over their operations and personnel management. After eleven years of agencification, 77 percent of British civil servants work in agencies or according to the agency line. The establishment of the agency system, which is not based on any law, was progressive in nature. However, the agency system has generated great concern about its impact on the unified nature of the traditional British civil service. One of the most significant features of the agency system is the accountability mechanism, which is discussed in detail in this article.

1. (1995).Next Steps: Improving Management in Government?.Aldershot:Dartmouth.
2. (1994).The Civil Service: Continuity and Change.London:HMSO.
3. (1996).Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective.Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
4. (1995).Bureaucracy in the Modern State: An Introduction to Comparative Public Administration.Aldershot:Edward Elgar.
5. (1995).The Civil Service: Taking Forward Continuity and Change.London:HMSO.
6. (1996).Managing the New Public Services.London:Macmillan Press.
7. (1996).Lessons from Experience: Experiential Learning in Administrative Reforms in Eight Democracies.Oslo:Scandinavian University Press.
8. Aucoin, Peter(1995).The New Public Management: Canada in Comparative Perspective.Montreal, Canada:Institute for Research on Public Policy.
9. Barberis, Peter(1997).The Civil Service in an Era of Change.Aldershot:Dartmouth.
10. Boston, J.(1991).Reshaping the State: New Zealand's Bureaucratic Revolution.Oxford University Press.
11. Boston, J., Martin, J., Pallot, J., Walsh, P.(1996).Public Management: The New Zealand Model.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
12. Cabinet Office(1999).Modernising Government.London, United Kingdom:The Stationery Office.
13. Cabinet Office (Office of Public Service)(1998).Civil Service Management Code.London:The Stationary Office.
14. Cabinet Office (Office of Public Service)(1998).Next Steps Report 1997.London:The Stationary Office.
15. Campbell, Colin, Wilson, Graham K.(1995).The End of Whitehall: Death of a Paradigm?.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd..
16. Centre for Public Services (CPS)(1997).Reinventing Government in Britain: The Performance of Next Step Agencies.Sheffield:Centre for Public Services.
17. Chapman, Richard(1997).The Civil Service in an Era of Change.Aldershot:Dartmouth.
18. Das, S. K.(1998).Civil Service Reform and Structural Adjustment.London:Oxford University Press.
19. Davies, Anne, Willman, John(1991).What Next? Agencies, Departments, and the Civil Service.London:Institute for Public Policy Research.
20. Dowding, Keith(1995).The Civil Service.London:Routledge.
21. Drewry, Gavin, Butcher, Tony(1991).The Civil Service Today.Oxford:Blackwell.
22. Efficiency Unit(1996).Competing for Quality Policy Review: An Efficiency Unit Scrutiny.London:HMSO.
23. Efficiency Unit(1988).Improving Management in Government: The Next Steps.London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
24. Efficiency Unit(1991).Making the Most of Next Steps: the Management of Ministers' Developments and their Executive Agencies.London:HMSO.
25. Efficiency Unit(1993).Career Planning and Succession Planning (the Oughton Report).London:HMSO.
26. Farnham, D., Horton, S.(1996).Managing People in the Public Services.London:Macmillan Press.
27. Goldsworthy, Diana(1991).Setting Up Next Steps: A Short Account of the Origins Launch and Implementation of the Next Steps Project in the British Civil Service.London:HMSO.
28. Government Statistical Services(1998).Civil Service Statistics.London:Government Statistical Services.
29. Government Statistical Services(1997).Civil Service Statistics.London:Government Statistical Services.
30. Greer, P.(1994).Transforming Central Government: The Next Steps Initiative.Buckingham, UK:Open University Press.
31. Hennessy, Peter(1995).The Hidden Wiring.London:Victor Gollancz.
32. Hood, C. C.(1991).A Public Management for All Seasons?.Public Administration,69(1)
33. Hood, C. C.(1996).Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective.Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
34. Hood, Christopher C.(1996).Lessons From Experience: Experiential Learning in Administrative Reforms in Eight Democracies.Oslo:Scandinavian University Press.
35. House of Lords(1998).Report from the Select Committee on the Public Service - Session 1997-98: HLP55.London:The Stationery Office.
36. House of Lords(1998).Public Service Committee: Volume of Evidence HLP55-I.London:The Stationery Office.
37. Jenkins, K., Caines, K., Jackson, A.(1988).Improving Management in Government: The Next Steps.London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
38. Jordan, Grant(1994).The British Administrative System.London:Routledge.
39. Judge, D.(1993).The Parliamentary State.London:Sage.
40. Kemp, Sir Peter(1993).Beyond Next Steps: A Civil Service for the 21st Century.London:Social Market Foundation.
41. Kemp, Sir Peter(1990).Next Steps for the British Civil Service.Governance,3
42. Kernaghan, K.(1993).Ethics in Public Service.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
43. Massey, Andrew(1995).After Next Steps: The Massey Report.
44. National Audit Office(1992).The Vehicle Inspectorate: Progress as the First Executive Agency.
45. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(1996).Integrating People Management into Public Service Reform.Paris:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
46. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(1995).Governance in Transition: Public Management Reforms in OECD Countries.Paris:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
47. Oxer, R.(1990).The Senior Executive Service 1984-89.Canberra:Australian Government Publishing Service.
48. Peters, B. G., Savoie, Donald J.(1995).Governance in a Changing Environment.London:McGill-Queen's University Press.
49. Pilkington, Colin(1999).The Civil Service in Britain Today.Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press.
50. Plowden, William(1994).Ministers and Mandarins.London:Institute for Public Policy Research.
51. Pollitt, C.(1993).Managerialism and the Public Services: Cuts or Cultural in the 1990s?.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
52. Pyper, R.(1991).Political Realities: The Evolving Civil Service.London:Longman.
53. Richards, David(1997).The Civil Service under the Conservatives, 1979-1997: Whitehall's Political Poodles?.Brighton:Sussex Academic Press.
54. Royal Institute of Public Administration (RIPA)(1987).Top Jobs in Whitehall: Appointments and Promotions in the Senior Civil Service.London:RIPA.
55. Seidle, F. Leslie(1995).Rethinking the Delivery of Public Services to Citizens.Montreal, Canada:Institute for Research on Public Policy.
56. Talbot, Colin(1996).Ministers and Agencies: Control, Performance and Accountability.London:Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA).
57. Tellier, P.(2000).Public Service 2000.Ottawa:
58. Treasury and Civil Service Committee (TCSC)(1989).Development in the Next Steps Programme.House of Commission.
59. Trosa, S.(1994).Next Steps: Moving On.London:Office of Public Service and Science.
60. United States General Accounting Office (GAO)(1996).Management Reform: Status of Agency Reinvention Lab Efforts.Washington, DC:GAO.
61. Waldegrave, W.(1993).Public Finance Foundation/ BDO Consulting Inaugural Lecture.
62. Walsh, Kieron(1995).Public Services and Market Mechanisms.London:Macmillan.
63. Wise, L.(1992).Conference of Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.Denver:
64. Zifcak, Spencer(1994).New Managerialism: Administrative Reform in Whitehall and Canberra.Buckingham:Open University Press.

1. 黃心蓉(2008)。文化部門的非部會公共機構：從歐洲國家博物館組織再造看行政法人化。博物館學季刊，22(4)，5-25。
2. 李天申(2020)。臺灣行政法人制度推動歷程的歷史制度分析。政治科學論叢，86，151-190。
3. 李天申,寺山學(2022)。日本獨立行政法人制度變遷之經驗分析：從橋本內閣到安倍二次組閣。文官制度季刊，14(1)，131-159。
4. 連俐俐(2013)。羅浮宮「法人化」研究初探。博物館學季刊，27(3)，77-93。
5. 劉志宏(2012)。英國財政預算改革之研究。政策研究學報，12，35-66。
6. 彭錦鵬(2003)。英國公部門薪俸制度改革的經驗與檢討。政治科學論叢，18，71-100。
7. 彭錦鵬(2005)。全觀型治理：理論與制度化策略。政治科學論叢，23，61-99。
8. (2002)。政治行政之虛擬分際：由「兩分說」到「理想型」The Virtual Distinction between Politics and Administration: From the Politics/ Administration Dichotomy to an Ideal Type。政治科學論叢，16，89-118。
9. (2003)。英國柴契爾政府改革背景與理念的探索。行政暨政策學報，36，81-118。
10. (2004)。地方治理與地方政府現代化：21世紀英國地方層次的變革。行政暨政策學報，38，31-59。
11. (2007)。英國「平等及人權委員會」之探究。臺灣國際法季刊，4(2)，207-241。
12. (2010)。淺析修正「個人資料保護法」。月旦法學雜誌，183，131-146。