史耐德與生命書寫／詩學

Gary Snyder and His Life Writing

蔡振興(Robin Chen-Hsing Tsai)

史耐德 ； 生命書寫 ； 無情說法 ； 禪宗 ； Gary Snyder ； Charles Molesworth ； life writing ； Jon Halper ； Zen-Buddhism

歐美研究

38卷3期（2008 / 09 / 01）

473 - 501

繁體中文

在一九八三年的專書《史耐德的視界：詩與真正的作品》中，莫滋華斯很有見地的指出，史耐德的歷史觀是「批判性的」。本文一開始援引莫滋華斯論及史耐德與尼釆在創作上的相似性，並以黑爾波的《史耐德：生命的面相》傳記史料為基礎，最後再輔以史耐德的散文、詩作分析和訪談，企圖重新梳理史耐德如何將「生活／生命」與「書寫／詩學」作生態哲學和美學上的聯結。本文共分五部分：（一）史耐德、尼釆與生命；（二）史耐德的求學生涯；（三）史耐德的日本行；（四）史耐德與反文化運動；（五）史耐德、禪宗、東亞。透過對史耐德早期在日本學禪的研究，本文試圖開展一種具有史耐德式的生態文學與文化批判的生命書寫。

In his 1983 book Gary Snyder's Vision: Poetry and the Real Work, Charles Molesworth insightfully observes that Snyder's concept of history is a 〞critical〞 one. This essay, based not only on Molesworth's Nietzschean reading of history but also on Jon Halper's Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life as well as Gary Snyder's poetry, prose, and interviews, attempts to retrace the interrelations between Snyder's philosophical apprenticeship-especially during his college years and early trips to Japan-and his (early and later) literary productions. Those formative years helped to reshape Snyder's ecological vision, that is, his environmental imagination. The last part of this essay focuses on Snyder's Zen Buddhism and, more generally, his attraction to Asian religious wisdom in the light of his early studies in Japan.

1. Allen, D. (Ed.)(1980).I remain: The letters of Lew Welch.Bolinas, CA:Grey Fox.
2. Badiou, A.(2001).Ethics.London, UK:Verso.
3. Bryson, J. S. (Ed.)(2002).Ecopoetry: A critical introduction.Salt Lake City, UT:The University of Utah Press.
4. Chung, L.(2006).Snyder and Chinese Culture.Beijing:Capital Normal University Press.
5. Devall, B.,Sessions, G.(1985).Deep ecology.Salt Lake City, UT:Gibbs Smith.
6. Drengsen, A.,Inoue, Y. (Eds.)(1995).The deep ecology movement.Berkeley, CA:North Atlantic Books.
7. Faas, E. (Ed.)(1978).Towards a new American poetics.Santa Barbara, CA:Black Sparrow.
8. Fields, R.(1986).How the swans came to the lake: A narrative history of Buddhism in America.Boston, MA:Shambhala.
9. Garrard, G.(2004).Ecocriticism.London, UK:Routledge.
10. Gonnerman, M.(2004)."On the path, off the trail": Gary Snyder`s education and the makings of American Zen.Ann Arbor, MI:UMI.
11. Gray, T.(2006).Gary Snyder and the pacific rim: Creating counter-cultural community.Iowa City, IA:University of Iowa Press.
12. Halper, J. (Ed.)(1991).Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a life.San Francisco, CA:Sierra Club Books.
13. Hepworth, J.,McNamee, G. (Eds.)(1989).Resist much, obey little: Some notes on Edward Abbey.Tucson, AZ:Harbinger House.
14. Kherdian, D.(1969).Six San Francisco poets.Fresno, CA:Giligia Press.
15. Ku, H.-y.(2005).New translation of Ching-te chuan-teng lu.Taipei:San-ming Book Store.
16. Kyger, J.(2000).Strange big moon: The Japan and India journals, 1960-1964.Berkeley, CA:North Atlantic.
17. Lang, C. (Ed.)(1989).Chan-chung chuan-shu: Yu-lu.Taipei:Wenshu.
18. Lewis, C. L.(2005).Reading the trail: Exploring the literature and natural history of the California crest.Reno, NV:University of Nevada Press.
19. Liang, H.-h.(1997).Japanese Zen.Hangzhou:Zhejiang People`s Publishing House.
20. Molesworth, C.(1983).Gary Snyder`s vision: Poetry and the real work.Columbia, MO:University of Missouri.
21. Murphy, P.(2000).A place for wayfaring: The poetry and prose of Gary Snyder.Corvallis, OR:Oregon State University Press.
22. Nietzsche, F.,J. Hollingdale (Trans.)(1983).Untimely Meditation.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
23. Nietzsche, F.,W. Kaufmann, (Trans. & Ed.)(1967).The will to power.New York, NY:Vintage.
24. Oelschlaeger, M.(1991).The idea of wilderness.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
25. Phillips, R.(2000)."Forest beatniks" and "urban Thoreaus": Gary Snyder, Jack Kerouac, Lew Welch, and Michael McClure.New York, NY:Peter Lang.
26. Powell, W. F. (Trans.)(1986).The record of Tung-shan.Honolulu, HI:University of Hawaii Press.
27. Pu, C.(1984).Wu-teng hui-yuan.Beijing:Chunghwa.
28. Rasula, J.(2002).This compost: Ecological imperatives in American poetry.Athens, GA:The University of Georgia Press.
29. Sale, K.(1991).Dwellers in the land: The bioregional vision.Gabriola Island, BC:New Society.
30. Schuler, R.(1994).Journeys toward the original mind: The long poems of Gary Snyder.New York, NY:Peter Lang.
31. Sessions, G.,J. Halper (Ed.)(1991).Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a life.San Francisco, CA:Sierra Club Books.
32. Shaku, S.,D. T. Suzuki, (Trans.)(2004).Sermons of a Buddhist abbot: A classic of American Buddhism.New York, NY:Three Leaves Press.
33. Sleinis, E. E.(1994).Nietzsche`s revaluation of values.Urbana and Chicago, IL:University of Illinois Press.
34. Snyder, G.(1960).Myths & texts.New York, NY:New Directions.
35. Snyder, G.(1996).Mountains and rivers without end.Washington, DC:Counterpoint.
36. Snyder, G.(2007).Back on the fire: Essays.Emeryville, CA:Shoe-maker & Hoard.
37. Snyder, G.(1968).The back country.New York, NY:New Directions.
38. Snyder, G.(1990).The practice of the wild.New York, NY:North Point.
39. Snyder, G.(1965).Riprap and cold mountain poems.New York, NY:New Directions.
40. Snyder, G.(1980).The real work: Interviews & talks 1964-1979.New York, NY:New Directions.
41. Snyder, G.(1969).Earth house hold.New York, NY:New Directions.
42. Snyder, G.(1974).Turtle island.New York, NY:New Directions.
43. Theado, M. (Ed.)(2001).The beats: A literary reference.New York, NY:The Gale Group.
44. Thoreau, H. D.,L. Hyde (Ed.)(2002).The essays of Henry D. Thoreau.New York, NY:North Point.
45. Watts, A.(1957).The way of Zen.New York, NY:Vintage.
46. Yamazato, K.(1987).Seeking a fulcrum: Gary Snyder and Japan (1956-1975).Ann Arbor, MI:UMI.
47. 梁曉虹(1997)。日本禪。杭州:浙江人民出版社。
48. 普濟(1984)。五燈會元。北京:中華書局。
49. 鍾玲(2006)。史耐德與中國文化。北京:首都師範大學出版社。
50. 藍吉富編(1989)。禪宗全書：語錄部四。臺北:文殊。
51. 顧宏義譯注(2005)。新譯景德傳燈錄。臺北:三民。

1. Chen, Wei(2015).Gary Snyder and His Animal Ethics.玄奘佛學研究,23,139-174.