從歐盟文化政策之發展與實踐論文化權之保障：以文化多樣性為中心

Study of Cultural Policy and Protection of the Right to Culture in the European Union in the Context of Cultural Diversity

徐揮彥(William Hui-Yen Hsu)

歐洲聯盟 ； 文化政策 ； 文化權 ； 文化多樣性 ； 保障及促進文化表現多樣性公約 ； European Union ； cultural policy ； right to culture ； cultural diversity ； Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression

歐美研究

38卷4期（2008 / 12 / 01）

671 - 751

繁體中文

歐洲經濟整合發展迄今，逐漸浮現文化保障之爭議。由於在追求貨品流通的效率下，會對貨品產生標準化之現象，進而朝向趨同化發展，但此發展無異對文化表現多樣性造成威脅。本文之目的，在探討歐洲聯盟法律制度及政策關於文化政策與文化權之實踐、發展及對歐洲整合之影響。第二章將探討國際人權法中文化權概念、意義、內涵及其與文化多樣性之關聯，進而在第三章從規範面、政策面及司法實踐面，探討歐洲聯盟文化政策之發展及其法律問題。第四章就歐盟對外關係面向，探討其文化政策及文化權之實踐。最後第五章說明歐盟文化政策發展及實踐之影響及啟示。

In the initial stage of the European integration launched in the 1950s, while founding States devoted themselves to economic goals, cultural issues were not of their central concern. Nevertheless, in the process of economic integration and the free movement of goods and services, standardization not only creates convergence but poses threats to cultural diversity. Furthermore, the protection and promotion of cultural diversity are deeply and essentially connected to the realization of the cultural rights which are enshrined in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The aim of this article is, on the basis of the interrelationship of cultural diversity and the right to culture, to survey how EU policies influence cultural practices, what they achieve, and their impacts on European integration and EU external relations. Following the introduction, the author attempts to analyze the concept, meaning, and legal effects of the right to culture from the perspectives of international and European law, and furthermore, to assess their influence on EU external economic relations. In the third part, the author explores the development of cultural practices and policies, and their legal implications from the prespective of EU institutions. In the fourth part, the author analyzes cultural aspects of the EU's external relations, especially relating to the EU-ACP development framework and its participation in the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression with its Member States. In the fifth part, the author presents a conclusion based on this research.

1. Horng, D. C.(2004).The human rights clause in the EU`s external trade and development agreements-Law and practice.EurAmerica,34(1),143-202.
   連結：
2. Wang, L. J.(2006).The construction of cultural citizenship: The development of cultural policy and the practice of citizenship.Journal of Public Admini-stration,20,129-159.
   連結：
3. Wang, Y. Y.(2000).The principle of subsidiarity in the European Union.EurAmerica,30(2),1-30.
   連結：
4. 王玉葉(2000)。歐洲聯盟之輔助原則。歐美研究，30(2)，1-30。
   連結：
5. 王俐容(2006)。文化公民權的建構：文化政策的發展與公民權的落實。公共行政學報，20，129-159。
   連結：
6. 洪德欽(2004)。歐盟對外貿易與發展協定之人權條款－規定與實踐。歐美研究，34(1)，143-202。
   連結：
7. Adalsteinsson, R.,Thórhallson, P.,G. Al-fredsson,A. Eide (Eds.)(1999).The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A common standard of achievement.Hague, Netherlands:Martinus Nijhof.
8. Ahmed, T.,Butler, I. d. J.(2006).The European Union and human rights: An international law perspective.European Journal of International Law,17(4),771-801.
9. Buergenthal, T.,Shelton, D.,Stewart, D. P.(2002).International human rights: In a nutshell.St. Paul, MN:West Group.
10. Cassese A.(2001).International law.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
11. Chen, L. J.(1999).An interpretation of the Amsterdam Treaty.Taipei:Wu-nan.
12. Education, Youth and Culture Council
13. Craig, P.,de Búrca, G.(2003).EU law: Text, cases and materials.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
14. Cunninghum, C. B.(2001).In defense of member state culture: The unrealized potential of article 151 (4) of the EC Treaty and the consequences for EC cultural policy.Cornell International Law Journal,34,119-163.
15. De Witte, B.(2001).The cultural dimensions of community law.Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law,3(1),229-299.
16. Donders, Y. M.(2002).Towards a right to cultural identity? Antwerp.Belgium:Intersentia.
17. Eeckhout, P.(2004).External relations of the European Union: Legal and constitutional foundations.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
18. Eide, A.,A. Eide, C. Krause,A. Rosas (Eds.)(2001).Economic, social and cultural rights: A textbook.Hague, Netherlands:Kluwer Law International.
19. Eide, A.,Krause, C.,Rosas, A. (Eds.)(2001).Economic, social and cultural rights: A textbook.Hague, Netherlands:Kluwer Law International.
20. Culture and education
21. European Diversity and Autonomy Papers-EDAP
22. Hannikainen, L.(1988).Peremptory norms (jus cogens) in interna-tional law.Helsinki, Finland:Finnish Lawyers`.
23. Herold, A.(2005).EU external policy in the audiovisual field: From "cultural exception" to "cultural diversity".ERA-Forum,6(1),93-108.
24. Hsu, C.(1999).European culture vs. cultural policy of the European Union.Taipei:Lexis.
25. Hsu, H. Y.(2007).The potential conflicts and the harmonlization between the UNESCO convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions and the world trade organization.Chengchi Law Review,99,155-240.
26. Hsu, Y. D.(2006).Cultural constitution and cultural state.Taipei:Angle.
27. Koutrakos, P.(2006).EU international relations law.Oxford, UK:Hart.
28. Observatory for diversity and cultural rights
29. Li, M. B.(1998).The nature and legal validity of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.National Chung Cheng University Law Journal,1,33-361.
30. Liang, C. M.(2004).Protection of ethic and language minorities in the European Union.EurAmerica,34(1),51-93.
31. McMahon, J. A.,R. C. Smith (Ed.)(2004).Culture and European Union law.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
32. Meron, T.(2004).International law in the age of human rights.Recuil des Cours,301,9-490.
33. Mitsilegas, V.,P. Fitzpatrick,J. H. Bergeron (Eds.)(1998).Europe`s other: European law between modernity and postmodernity.England, UK:Ashgat, Ashgate/Dartmouth.
34. Nersessian, D. L.(2005).Rethinking cultural genocide under international law.Human Rights Dialogue,2(12),7-8.
35. European Diversity and Autonomy Papers-EDAP
36. Paper presented at In-teracció `02: Politiques per a la interculturalitat, Barcelona
37. Niedobitek, M.,J. Benn,R. Bray, (Trans.)(1997).The cultural dimension in EC Law.London:Kluwer Law International.
38. O`Keefe, R.(1998).The "right to take part in cultural life" under article 15 of the ICESCR.International and Comparative Law Quarterly,47(4),904-923.
39. Prott, L. V.,J. Crawford (Ed.)(1988).The rights of peoples.Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press.
40. Psychogiopoulou, E.(2006).The cultural mainstreaming clause of article 151 (4) EC: Protection and promotion of cultural diversity or hidden cultural agenda?.European Law Journal,12(5),575-592.
41. Psychogiopoulou, E.(2006).EC state aid control and cultural justifications.Legal Issues of European Integration,33(1),3-28.
42. Psychogiopoulou, E.(2005).EC competition law and cultural diversity: The case of the cinema, music and book publishing industries.European Law Review,30(6),838-861.
43. Rosas, A.,A. Eide,C. Krause (Eds.)(2001).Economic, social and cultural rights: A textbook.Hague, Netherlands:Kluwer Law International.
44. Ross, M.,N. A. Neuwahl,A. Rosas (Eds.)(1995).The European Union and human rights.Hague, Nether-lands:Martinus Nijhoff.
45. Sautman, B.(2003).Cultural genocide and Tibet.Texas International Law Journal,38,173-247.
46. Schabas, W. A.,J. Castellino,N. Walsh (Eds.)(2004).International law and indigenous peoples.Leiden, Netherlands:Brill Academic.
47. Shaw, M. N.(2003).International law.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
48. Shore, C.,T. Bennett (Ed.)(2001).Differing diversities.Strasbourg, France:Council of Europe.
49. Smith, R. C.(2004).Culture and European Union law.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
50. Smith, R. K. M.(2003).Textbook on international human rights.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
51. Steiner, H.,Alston, P. (Eds.)(2000).International human rights in context.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
52. Thamilmaran, V. T.,A. Goonasekera,C. Hamelink,V. Iyer (Eds.)(2003).Cultural rights in a global world.Singapore:Eastern Universities Press.
53. European Diversity and Autonomy Papers
54. UNDP(2004).Human development report 2004-Cultural liberty in today`s diverse world.New York:UNDP.
55. Jean Monnet Working Paper 13/07
56. Vrdoljak, A. F.(2005).Paper presented at Contemporary issues, ESIL Research Forum on International Law: Geneva.Switzerland:
57. Woods, L.(2005).The application of competition rules to state aids for culture.ERA-Forum,6(1),37-45.
58. 徐揮彥(2007)。聯合國教科文組織「保障及促進文化表現多樣性公約」與世界貿易組織規範之潛在衝突與調和。政大法律評論，99，155-240。
59. 梁崇民(2004)。歐盟對少數人權之保障－少數民族語言個案分析。歐美研究，34(1)，51-93。
60. 許仟(1999)。歐洲文化與歐洲聯盟文化政策。台北:樂學書局。
61. 許育典(2006)。文化憲法與文化國。台北:元照。
62. 陳麗娟(1999)。阿姆斯特丹條約解讀。台北:五南。

1. 許炳華(2010)。當智慧財產權遇上人權－衝突或共存、緊張或交融。臺灣海洋法學報，9(1)，22-60。
2. 吳秦雯(2010)。傳播科技發展與文化權之建構。法令月刊，61(1)，183-197。
3. (2010)。歐洲聯盟文化政策與歐洲認同。國立歷史博物館學報，42，129-155。