妥協與反抗之間：尤妮絲．芮佛絲在「塔斯克基研究」中的作為與意義

Between Accommodation and Confrontation-Eunice Rivers and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

10.7015/JEAS.201412_44(4).0001

黃文齡(Wen-Ling Huang)

尤妮絲．芮佛絲 ； 塔斯克基研究 ； 美肯郡 ； Eunice Rivers ； Tuskegee Syphilis Study ； Macon County

歐美研究

44卷4期（2014 / 12 / 01）

415 - 465

繁體中文

黑人女護士尤妮絲．芮佛絲全程參與重大醫學醜聞「塔斯克基研究：以未受過梅毒治療的黑人男性為主」。史家對她居中扮演的角色多有爭議。本文以婦女研究的角度切入，探討芮佛絲透過改變角色、適應和面對來自種族、階級、性別的層層壓力，從摸索、熟悉、掌握等階段性變化，在南丁格爾誓詞規範的掩護下，運用自己在美肯郡長久工作經驗的優勢，行醫療照顧自力救濟之實。芮佛絲在一個複雜的研究中扮演了一個忠於自己的角色。芮佛絲在現實面妥協，謹守醫護專業倫理，卻在執行上透過引介，間接協助黑人病患獲得舒緩與照顧，不僅證明黑人女性個體也能為照顧種族貢獻心力，而她在塔斯克基研究中的表現，實則是反映了當時黑人社會面對種族議題的態度。

The story of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was broken in 1972 by Associated Press reporter Jean Heller, resulting in a public uproar. Eunice Rivers, a nurse, was the only person associated with the study to have worked on it consistently for its entire forty-year span. Historians have evaluated her role in very different ways. In this article, I discuss the role she played in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study with a view to the provision of medical care during the era of segregation in America to explain why Rivers insisted that she acted correctly. First, I will show that Rivers' position within the study changed in increments during those forty years due to changes in personnel. Those changes led to her acquiring a degree of authority behind the scenes, such that she became an irreplaceable part of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Her changing position was internalized, resulting in attitudinal changes. Through face-to-face encounters, Rivers was aware of the community's needs, and knew what she could provide in terms of medical care. She provided the men who trusted her with medical directions, instead of prescriptions, and thus sought to remain true to the Nightingale Pledge by making use of the advantages that came from her long-experience in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Viewed in this way, Rivers was not shrewd, as many historians have described her, but simply motivated to cast her role in this complex study in the best possible light.

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