Human Rights Protection, Democratic Deliberation, and Prevention of Violence against Women

人權保障、民主審議與婦女暴力之防止

10.7015/JEAS.201603_46(1).0002

安兆驥(Steve On)

作為人權的婦女權利 ； 保障 ； 審議 ； 防止 ； 政策 ； women’s rights as human rights ； protection ； deliberation ； prevention ； police

歐美研究

46卷1期（2016 / 03 / 01）

45 - 96

英文

以強制法律來落實人權基本上涉及此一對策：透過敏銳回應在地脈絡與習俗的方式，來提供受到國際承認之人權原則所具體蘊含的保障。此一對策已然建構出主要的人權理論途徑，包括那些論及婦女暴力現象的理論途徑在內。在本文中，我試著表明：正因為採取此一對策之故，這些理論途徑大致上是無效的。尤有進者，縱使結合民主審議，如某一真實生活案例所顯示的，最後獲得落實的保障，竟是維護一夫多妻制這種固守婦女依存地位的習俗婚姻形式；在實踐上，如此的保障，因此是相當有限的。誠然我並不全盤拒絕主流途徑，但仍嘗試提出一個挽救對策，其要點是，根據作為人權的婦女權利，來重新思索婦女保障之落實所明確涉及的議論。我將揭露「執行」層面所受到的忽視。順此而進，我將把關注焦點導向一個不同的、卻時常受到漠視的婦女暴力研究策略：政策途徑。藉著逼近問題的底層，我嘗試表明，這一取代性途徑有助於達成主流途徑遠遠無法企及的目標。正如法律之先發制人與威嚇作用的最佳實踐效果，以及對此現象的預測分析所顯露的，我的提議是：前述的政策途徑存有最大潛能來對婦女暴力防止的現況，做出真正的改變。

Implementations of human rights into enforceable laws generally involve this move: provide the protections embodied by internationally recognized human rights principles in a way that shows sensitivities to local contexts and customs. This move has come to structure major human rights approaches, including those addressing the phenomenon of violence against women. In this article, I argue that these approaches are largely ineffective because of this move. Moreover, in spite of combining with democratic deliberation, in a real-life case, what ends up being implemented is the kind of protection that preserves polygyny, which is a form of customary marriage that maintains the dependency of women. In practice, then, such protection is severely limited. While not rejecting the major approaches altogether, I attempt a rescue move by reconsidering what specifically is involved in the implementations of protections for women in terms of women’s rights as human rights. I uncover that the enforcement component has been overlooked. Furthering this finding, I draw attention to a different and neglected strategy for addressing violence against women: the policing approach. By being closer to the ground, I argue, this alternative approach can help to achieve what the major approaches have thus far fallen short. As emergent from the best legal practices of preemption, deterrence, and predictive analysis of this phenomenon, I suggest that this approach has the greatest potential to make a genuine difference in the prevention of violence against women.

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