新自由主義下AI與民主的角力

The Struggle Between Democracy and AI Under Neoliberalism

10.7015/JEAS.202206_52(2).0001

盧倩儀(Chien-Yi Lu)

人工智慧 ； 監控資本主義 ； 民主 ； 新自由主義 ； 壟斷 ； AI ； surveillance capitalism ； democracy ； neoliberalism ； monopoly

歐美研究

52卷2期（2022 / 06 / 01）

117 - 173

繁體中文

在民主運行健全的社會裡誕生茁壯的AI，與在民主實踐出了嚴重差錯因而呈現富豪寡頭壟斷的社會中誕生茁壯的AI，兩者在本質及意義上有天壤之別。在二十一世紀的此刻，主宰人類未來的AI是在一個民主實踐出了嚴重差錯、富豪寡頭壟斷猖獗的背景下成長茁壯的科技。民主的衰退與掠奪式AI的興起背後有著共同的推手，即新自由主義。本文探究AI崛起背後的新自由主義結構，溯及二十世紀中芝加哥學派所精心設計之法律經濟學，並進一步檢視半世紀後，獲得AI加持的進化版新自由主義如何異業結盟，透過科技壟斷、金融壟斷、生物剽竊等手段著手進行終極宰制。

AI developed in healthy democratic societies bears little resemblance to that developed in plutocracies or oligarchies. The AI that has thrived in the 21st Century rose to prominence from within a plutocratic and oligarchic global system that privileges the very few at the top. In this article, I argue that neoliberalism is a key driving force be-hind both the decline of democracy and the rise of predatory AI. The article traces the monopoly power of Big Tech to the Chicago School of Economics that rose to prominence in the mid-20^(th) Century, its peculiar understanding of monopoly, and its incubation of ＂Law and Economics＂ as a sub-discipline of law. As a consequence of such maneuvering, AI technology today, combined with neoliberal business models, is highly monopolistic and predatory. To illustrate the exploitative nature of AI in our era, the article investigates the way that AI has enhanced bio-piracy and finance monopoly through big data and the employment of algorithms.

1. 趙剛, K(2001)。為何反全球化？如何反？—關於全球化的一些問題的思考與對話。台灣社會研究季刊，44，49-146。
   連結：
2. 〈AI 於資產管理產業之運用〉(2018 年 10 月 12 日)。《商周財富網》。https://wealth.businessweekly.com.tw/GArticle.aspx?id=ARTL000122151 (Application of AI in asset management industry. [2018, October 12]. Wealth Businessweekly.)
3. 〈Google 宣稱：14 年來，碳足跡均為零!為何卻有 2 千萬噸碳排放？〉(2021 年 8 月 18 日)。《商周》。https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/carbon-reduction/blog/3007540 (Google claims that for 14 years, its carbon footprint has been zero! Why then is there 20 million tons of carbon emissions? [2021, August 18]. Business Weekly.)
4. BBC. (2014, April 17). Study: US is an oligarchy, not a democracy. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
5. 〈誰才是言論自由的最大隱憂？Google、蘋果、亞馬遜接連封殺社群媒體 Parler 〉 (2021 年 1 月 17 日 ) 。《科技新報》。https://technews.tw/2021/01/17/who-is-the-biggest-worry-about-freedom-of-speech/(Who is the biggest hidden threat of freedom of speech? One after another, Google, Apple, and Amazon block social media Parler. [2021, January 17]. TechNews.)
6. 〈比爾蓋茲夢想要改變世界的四項產品〉(2014 年 1 月 21 日)。《社企流》。https://www.seinsights.asia/news/131/1709 (Four products that Bill Gates dreams would change the world. [2014, January 21]. Social Enterprise Insights.)
7. 〈美國史上最貴「非總統」大選!喬州決選廣告狂噴 139 億〉(2021 年1 月 5 日)。《自由時報》。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3402252 (The most expensive ‘non-presidential’ election in U.S. history! Georgia runoff ads spent 13.9 billion. [2021, January 5]. The Liberty Times.)
8. Annany, M.,Crawford, K.(2016).Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algo-rithmic accountability.New Media and Society
9. Avaaz. (2020, January 15). Avaaz report: Why is YouTube broadcasting climate misinformation to millions? https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/youtube_climate_misinformation_report.pdf
10. Bailey, R.(1995).The true state of the planet.Free Press.
11. Batikas, M.,Bechtold, S.,Kretschmer, T.,Peukert, C.(2020).CEPR Discussion PaperCEPR Discussion Paper,未出版
12. Bauerlein, M., & Jeffery, C. (2020, October 21). Facebook manipulated the news you see to appease Republicans, insiders say. Mother Jone. https://www.motherjones.com/media/2020/10/facebook-mother-jones/
13. Birnhack, M.,Elkin-Koren, N.(2003).The invisible handshake: The reemergence of the state in the digital environment.Virginia Journal of Law & Technology,8(2),1-57.
14. Brown, E. (2020, June 22). Meet BlackRock, the new great vampire squid. Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/06/22/meet-blackrock-new-great-vampire-squid
15. Brown, W.(2018).Neoliberalism’s Frankenstein: Authoritarian freedom in the twenty-first Century "democracies".Critical Times,1(1),60-79.
16. Chait, J., Hart, B., & Levitz, E. (2020, April 1). Should networks stop airing Trump’s falsehood-filled coronavirus briefings? Intelligencer. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/should-networks-stop-airing-trumps-coronavirus-briefings.html
17. Chayes, S.(2017).Kleptocracy in America-Corruption is reshaping governments everywhere.Foreign Affairs,96(5),142-150.
18. Chomsky, N.,Reynolds, L.(2015).The responsibilities of privilege: An interview with Noam Chomsky on the role of the public intellectual.International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society,29,103-108.
19. Conger, K., & Isaac, M. (2021, January 16). Inside Twitter’s decision to cut off Trump. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/
20. Corbyn, Z. (2021, June 6). Interview: Microsoft’s Kate Crawford: AI is neither artificial nor intelligent. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/
21. Corporate Europe Observatory. (2020, September 23). Big tech lobbying: Google, Amazon & friends and their hidden influence. https://corporateeurope.org/en/2020/09/big-tech-lobbying
22. Daly, A.(2021).Neo-liberal business-as-usual or post-surveillance capitalism with European characteristics? The EU’s general data protection regulation in a multi-polar internet.Communication innovation and infrastructure: A critique of the new in a multipolar world
23. Democracy Now. (2020, January 11). Is big tech too powerful? Chris Hedges & Ramesh Srinivasan debate Twitter & Facebook banning Trump. Democracy Now. https://www.democracynow.org/2021/1/11/big_tech_response_capitol_insurrection
24. Democracy Now. (2021, April 29). Rejection of the neoliberal framework: Biden proposes trillions in new spending, taxes on the rich. Democracy Now. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnQoQpi77CE
25. Dilliard, I. (1941). Mr. Justice Brandeis: Great American. The Modern View Press.
26. Edwards, L.,Veale, M.(2017).Slave to the algorithm? Why a ‘right to an explanation’ is probably not the remedy you are looking for.Duke Law & Technology Review,16(1),18-84.
27. Ferguson, T.,Jorgensen, P.,Chen, J.(2019).How money drives US Congressional elections: Linear models of money and outcomes.Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
28. Fernandez, R.,Adriaans, I.,Klinge, T. J.,Hendrikse, R.(2020).Engineering digital monopolies: The financialization of big tech.Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen=Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations.
29. Fichtner, J.,Heemskerk, E. M.,Garcia-Bernardo, J.(2017).Hidden power of the Big Three? Passive index funds, re-concentration of corporate ownership, and new financial risk?.Business and Politics,19(2),298-326.
30. Fiegerman, S. (2018, April 12). Congress grilled Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg for nearly 10 hours. What’s next? CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2018/04/12/technology/facebook-hearing-what-next/index.html
31. Freeman, M., & Daneri, N. (2021, April 29). As Biden moves away from Neoliberalism, what next? Left Voice. https://www.leftvoice. org/as-biden-moves-further-away-from-neoliberalism-what-next/
32. Fukuyama, F., Richman, B., & Goel, A. (2021 January). How to save democracy from technology: Ending big tech’s information monopoly. Foreign Affairs, January. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-11-24/fukuyama-how-save-democracy-technology
33. Geradin, D.,Dimitrios, K.,Theano, K.(2020).TILEC Discussion PaperTILEC Discussion Paper,未出版
34. Gilen, M.,Page, B. I.(2014).Testing theories of American politics: Elites, interest groups, and average citizens.Perspectives on Politics,12(3),564-581.
35. Grewal, D. S.,Purdy, J.(2014).Introduction: Law and neoliberalism.Law & Contemporary Problems,77(4),1-23.
36. Horwitz, J., & Hagey, K. (2020, November 15). Parler makes play for Conservatives mad at Facebook, Twitter. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/parler-backed-by-mercer-family-makes-play-for-conservatives-mad-at-facebook-twitter-11605382430
37. Jackson, H. (2018, April 4). Facebook a big contributor to the committees in Congress that will question Mark Zuckerberg. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/
38. Linker, D. (2019, May 22). Joe Biden and the end of neoliberalism. The Week. https://theweek.com/articles/842825/joe-biden-end-neoliberalism
39. Lu, C.-Y.(2020).Surviving democracy: Mitigating climate change in a neoliberalized world.Routledge.
40. Luhby, T. (2019, January 21). The top 26 billionaires own $1.4 trillion: As much as 3.8 billion other people. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/
41. Mahbubani, K.(2020).Democracy or plutocracy? America’s existential question.Horizons,17,32-45.
42. Matthews, D. (2017, August 8). You’re not imagining it: The rich really are hoarding economic growth. Vox. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/8/16112368/piketty-saez-zucman-income-growth-inequality-stagnation-chart
43. Matthews, D., & Pinkerton, B. (2019, May 29). How charitable donations remade our courts. Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/5/29/18629799/federalist-society-brett-kavanaugh-olinfoundation-jane-mayer
44. Mayer, J. (2016, February 12). How right-wing billionaires infiltrated higher education. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/
45. Montague, B. (2014 December 14). How free market ‘baptist’ Fred Smith sold out to the Big Oil ‘bootleggers.’ DeSmog. https://www.desmog.com/
46. Navdanya. (2020). Gates ag one and the recolonization of agriculture. https://navdanyainternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/GATES-AGONE-Navdanya-layout.pdf
47. Newton, C. (2021, June 24). Why the Tech Antitrust Reform Bills are struggling to move forward. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/
48. NPR. (2020, December 4). Money tracker: How much Trump and Biden have raised in the 2020 election. NPR. https://www.npr.org/
49. Ockers, T. (導演) (2020)。《政商好夥伴：貝萊德的秘密》。https://view-point.pts.org.tw/ptsdoc_video/%E6%94%BF%E5%95%86%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%A5%E4%BC%B4%EF%BC%9A%E8%B2%9D%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86/(Ockers, T. [Director]. [2020]. Blackrock: The unsettling power of a financial investor.)
50. Oreskes, N.,Conway, E.(2014).The collapse of west civilization: A view from the future.Columbia University Press.
51. Oreskes, N.,Conway, E.(2010).Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming.Bloomsbury.
52. Pasanen, M. (2019, May 3). Vandana Shiva talks poison cartel, farmers’ rights and ecofeminism. Seven Days. https://www.sevendaysvt.com/
53. Pasquale, F.(2015).Black box society: The secret algorithms that control money and information.Harvard University Press.
54. Pérez, C. (2021, April 23). Joe Biden’s drive to end 40 years of neoliberal hegemony. EL PAÍS. https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-04-23/joe-bidens-drive-to-end-40-years-of-neoliberal-hegemony.html
55. Roser, M., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2016). Income inequality. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/income-inequality
56. Seetharaman, D., & Glazer, E. (2020, October 16). How Mark Zuckerberg learned politics. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-mark-zuckerberg-learned-politics-11602853200
57. Shaban, H. (2018, January 24). Google for the first time outspent every company to influence Washington in 2017. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/
58. Shapiro, A. (2021, January 14). America’s biggest owner of farmland is now Bill Gates. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/
59. Shaxson, N. (2020, December 21). Data havens: How to tackle the new digital race to the bottom. Tax Justice Network. https://taxjustice.net/2020/12/21/data-havens-how-to-tackle-the-new-digital-race-to-the-bottom/
60. Shiva, V.(2020).Oneness vs. the 1%: Shattering illusions, seeding freedom.Chelsea Green.
61. Simons, H. C. (1948). Economic policy for a free society. University of Chicago Press.
62. Starr, P. (2019, October 2). How neoliberal policy shaped the internet-And what to do about it now. The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/
63. Stone, C., Trisi, D., Sherman, A., & Beltran, J. (2020, January 13). A guide to statistics on historical trends in income inequality. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/
64. Teachout, Z. (2021b). Monopoly versus democracy: How to end a gilded age. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/
65. Teachout, Z.(2021).Break’em up: Recovering our freedom from big ag, big tech, and big money.All Points Books.
66. Teachout, Z. (2020, July 29). The politics of everything podcast, monopoly is tyranny. The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/158650/monopoly-tyranny
67. Teles, S. M.(2008).The rise of the conservative kegal movement: The battle for control of the law.Princeton University Press.
68. Tharoor, I. (2021, April 5). Biden and the waning of the ‘neoliberal’ era. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/
69. Thomas, L. J. (2016, September 15). At BlackRock, a Wall Street rock star’s $5 trillion comeback. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/
70. van Horn, R.(2009).Reinventing monopoly and the role of corporations: The roots of Chicago law and economics.The road from Mont Pelerin: The making of the neoliberal thought collective
71. Wong, J. C. (2019, February 9). ‘Overreacting to failure’: Facebook’s new Myanmar strategy baffles local activists. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/
72. Zaitchik, A. (2021, April 12). How Bill Gates impeded global access to Covid vaccines. The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/
73. Zuboff, S. (2020a, January 3). Surveillance capitalism. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/
74. Zuboff, S. (2020b, January 24). You are now remotely controlled. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/
75. 中央銀行 (2018 年 9 月 18 日)。〈關於本年 8 月 29 日「台灣國際收支資金淨流出的說明」新聞記者會的補充說明〉 。https://www.cbc.gov.tw/tw/mp-1.html (Central Bank. [2018, September 18]. Supplementary to the press conference of August 29 on “net outflow of funds of balance of payments.”)
76. 史諾登, E.,蕭美惠（譯）, M.-H.(Trans.),鄭勝得（譯）, S.-D.(Trans.)(2019).永久檔案.時報文化=Metropolitan Books.
77. 林開世, K.-S.(2019)。導論一：政治已經逝去？還是到處都是政治？。政治的消融與萌生——新自由主義國家的治理效應
78. 席娃, V.,楊佳蓉（譯）, J. R.(Trans.),陳若盈（譯）, R. Y.(Trans.)(2010).生物剽竊：自然及知識的掠奪.巨流圖書=Chuliu.
79. 張瀞文 (2020 年 10 月 1 日)。〈資管五大咖掌 22 兆美元資產〉，《經濟日報》。https://fund.udn.com/fund/story/5858/4901312(Chang, C.-W. [2020, October 1]. Top five asset managers 22 trillion US dollars in assets. Economic Daily.)
80. 莒甘, M.,拉貝, C.,翁德明（譯）, D. M.(Trans.)(2018).裸人：數位新獨裁的世紀密謀,你選擇自甘為奴,還是突圍而出？.麥田=Rye Field.
81. 凱瑟．布特妮, B.(2020).操弄：劍橋分析事件大揭密.野人=Yeren.
82. 黃應貴（編）, Y.-K.(Ed.),鄭瑋寧（編）, W.-N.(Ed.)(2017).金融經濟、主體性、與新秩序的浮現.遠流=Yuan-Liou.
83. 黃應貴, Y.-K.(2019)。新自由主義國家下的政治、權力與新知識的浮現。政治的消融與萌生——新自由主義國家的治理效應
84. 黃應貴, Y.-K.(2014)。新自由主義浪潮下台灣的困境。全球客家研究，3，230-244。
85. 黃應貴, Y.-K.(2012)。「文明」之路第三卷：新自由主義秩序下的地方社會（1999 迄今）
86. 楊智強 (2019 年 10 月 7 日)。〈圍繞羅興亞人的資訊戰：當臉書變失控巨獸，緬甸政府反成最大贏家？〉。《報導者》。https://www.twreporter.org/a/asia-disinformation-fake-news-myanmar-government-facebook (Yang, C.-C. [2019, October 7]. The information war around the Rohingya: When Facebook becomes a behemoth out of control, the Myanmar government will be the biggest winner? The Reporter.)
87. 蔡語嫣 (2021 年 1 月 2 日)。〈新冠疫情影響超級富豪？貝佐斯、馬斯克一年進帳 5 兆 6000 億，超過 139 國 GDP!〉，《風傳媒》。https://www.storm.mg/article/3352338?page=1 (Tsai, Y.-Y. [2021, January 2]. Does the COVID-19 affects the super rich? Bezos and Musk rake in 5.6 trillion a year, exceeding the GDP of 139 countries! The Storm Media.)
88. 蔡娪嫣 (2018 年 8 月 25 日)。〈緬甸種族迫害、種族清洗一週年〉。《風傳媒》。https://www.storm.mg/article/481943?mode=whole(Tsai, Y.-Y. [2018, August 25]. One year anniversary of ethnic persecution and ethnic cleansing in Myanmar. The Storm Media.)
89. 謝森．尼可拉斯, N.(2019).金融詛咒.商周=Business Weekly.
90. 羅苑韶 (譯) (2009 年 10 月 15 日)。〈比爾蓋茲慨捐億萬美元資助非洲印度農業〉。《新唐人電視台》。https://www.ntdtv.com/b5/2009/10/15/a363535.html (Lo, Y.-S. [Trans.]. [2009, October 15]. Bill Gates donates billions of dollars to help African, Indian agriculture. New Tang Dynasty Television.)