《金剛經》的思考法：四相否定與即非詭辭

A Study of the Buddhist Way of Thinking as Represented in the Vajracchedikā-sūtra

10.29653/LS.199306.0005

吳汝鈞(Yu-Kwan Ng)

空 ； 自性 ； 般若波羅蜜 ； 相 ； 實相 ； sūnyatā emptiness ； svabhavā self nature prajňāpāramitā ； laksana ； satya

鵝湖學誌

10期（1993 / 06 / 01）

117 - 129

繁體中文

《金剛經》以發揮空義著名，全經雖沒有一「空」字，但行文一氣呵成，皆在說空。本文指在透過經中的「四相否定」與「即非詭辭」兩種遮詮方式，來看般若思想言空的思考方式。四相否定是同時對對我、人、衆生、壽者這四個面相的否定，以展示諸法的緣起性格，無自性可得，因而是空。即非詭辭透過表面上是詭辭。實質上包含辦證成分的表述式，在正、反、合的思路中的「反」的步驟，否定諸法的自性，以成就空義。「即非」即是當體否定自性以顯空義之意。

The Vajracchedikā-sūtra is famous for its elaboration of the profound moaning of emptiness in Buddhist circle. Althrough the term ”emptiness” or sūnyatā” does not appear in the text, its purpose of expticating this doctrine is undeniable. The present work is a study of two forms of negative expression representative in the text, in order to reveal the specific way of thinking of the sūtra and the Prajñāpāramita literature. They are the fourfold aspect negation and the immediate negation paradox. In the fourfold aspect negation, the subjects of the setf, humans in general, sentient beings and whatever that maintains a persistent existence, are simultaneously negated as being devoid of ”self nature.” Thereby the character of emptiness is revealed, whereas the immediate negation paradox seems a paradox at first glance, but actually it carries a dialectical thought process. In its second phase of antithesis, the ”self nature” usually ascribed to the entities or the phenomenal world is negated. The meaning of emptiness is revealed right in this negation of ”self nature.” ”Immediate negation” indicates the complete refutation of ”self nature” right here and now.

1. 宋釋普濟(1984)。五燈會元。

1. 周思華(2020)。從「即非」語言悖論看《金剛經》般若慧觀下的中道正行。鵝湖月刊，539，39-51。