世界或周遭世界：環境倫理學中人的行動與倫理基礎的轉出

Welt or Umwelt: On the Human Conduct in the Environmental Ethics and the Problem of Its Foundation

10.29653/LS.200112.0006

江日新(Ryh-Shin Jiang)

世界 ； 環境 ； 環境倫理學 ； Scheler ； Uexküll ； World ； Environment Environmental ； Ethics ； Max Scheler ； Jakob von Uexküll

鵝湖學誌

27期（2001 / 12 / 01）

177 - 205

繁體中文

本文主要是作爲懷疑環境倫理學之規範所以成立以及作爲其一個預備概念而提出的。它並且是由一對德文字而得到啓發的。由於德語「環境」一詞寫作Umwelt，而「世界」則作Welt，其間不同之處即在於有無Um-這個接頭字。若以字面來說，「環境」就是圍出來的「世界」。在論述主線上作者特別借重德國倫理學家Max Scheler對於情緒先天結構和價值把握而展開的「實質的價值倫理學」以及有關人與動物之分別的論述，來探討有關存在之秩序及其氛圍的限制或克服。我們並順著他承接自Uexküll的環境理論的討論，以及藉由德文的玩字方式而揭出之Umwelt/Welt。Widerstand/Gegenstand和Tier/Mensch的分組及配對，來察考哲學人類學作爲基礎研究的任務，並爲作爲相對規範意義的「倫常」(Ethos)以及作爲哲學奠基之後設批判的「倫理學」(Ethik)作出其應有的區分，亦即爲人相對於其週遭的單純行爲規範以及突被其環境限制而抵進之開放世界的根源價值作出區分。本文即在這樣的討論脈絡，嘗試從被圍出來的世界(Um-Welt)之激進規範突破出來，爲倫理思考打開一條通向「世界」的門徑，亦即將存在於到處碰壁的環境阻抗(Widerstand)的規範守則，藉由轉作「對象」(Gegenstand)地推向一個「世界－開放」(Weltoffenheit)的價值秩序之思考。

In this paper I try to question the foundation of the environmental ethics. And the inspiration of this discussion comes from two german words: Welt and Umwelt, wordly the world and the circled world.For the problem of begrounding in the ethics I agree with the insight of Max Scheler. Scheler tries to overcome the formalism of Kant and the hedonism-utilitarianism with the help of his non-formal value ethics (materiale Wertethik). He put forth under this consideration a differentiation between the so-called ethos and ethics which one means a relative norm-waking of social conduct and the other a weta-critique of philosophical reflection. For the human beings bear the free will and the spirit. Scheler diatiguishes the differ-ence between them and the animals with the help of the pair-concepts as Umwelt/Welt, Widerstand/Gegenstand and Tier/Mensch. Scheler points out that the animals are bound within the environment for their resistence to the world around them, but the human beings have in open world for their ability to change the resistence into an object. In constructing such a philosophy of ethics Scheler deals not only the pair-concepts bat also the environment theory of jakob von Uexküll, a famous german biologist in early 20th century. I discuss also the debate between Scheter and Uexküll and try at the end of the paper to point out some queations for the future studies no the environmental ethics.

1. Scheler、 Max(1976).Spate Schriften.
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3. Scheler、 Max(1980).Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik.
4. von Uexkull, Jakob(1921).Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere.

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