樂在工作－組織玩興研究

Enjoy Fun at Work: An Explorative Study of Organizational Playfulness

10.7060/KNUJ.200406.0019

余嬪(Ping Yu)

玩興 ； 玩性 ； 創造力 ； 組織玩興 ； 組織氣氛 ； 工作表現 ； 工作滿意 ； Playfulness ； Organizational Playfulness ； Creativity ； Work Performance ； Job Satisfaction

高雄師大學報

16期（2004 / 06 / 01）

19 - 37

繁體中文

面對強大的競爭，組織中莫不期待創新有活力的人才，而愉快有樂趣的工作是留住人才的重要因素。玩興（Playfulness）不只帶來樂趣，也有助於打破成規、放鬆身心與創造表現。工作中的玩興價值近年來漸漸受到重視，而玩興的自發性強，又極易受情境因素影響，國內對於成人工作中的玩興研究非常少，更少提及組織氣氛對工作玩興的影響。 本研究以一管理顧問及網路學習公司之個案為例，來探討工作與玩興的關係，個人在組織中的玩興表現，與哪些因素影響組織中的玩興氣氛。研究主要發現 l ) 組織中的玩興必然存在，當工作玩興高時，個人會有強烈自發性的深度投入與專注力，同時感到自我滿足與樂在其中，覺得放鬆享受、壓力解除與心境改變。而表現出的自由、天真、幽默、與創造靈感，常會有意想不到的好的表現，但也可能帶來干擾。 2）影響組織玩興氣氛有關的因素包括：工作場所可以包容玩興與幽默；組織扁平管理、自由開放與領導者幽默支持、鼓勵創意；同事間溝通良好、輕鬆互動；空間環境舒適自在、有助溝通；員工會利用玩／休閒活動來產生靈感、減輕工作壓力、與產生高度凝聚力。研究者並提出討論與建議供實務與研究參考。

Much research indicates that playfulness helps children learn and create new ideas. Although the values of adults play at work have obtained increasing attention in recent years, very few researches have been done in this regard. The main purposes of the researcher is to investigate the influences of playfulness to one’s work and to examine factors affecting playfulness in an organization. This qualitative research interviews five people in a managerial consulting company. There are two major findings: I) People do play at work. While they play, they experience high spontaneity, concentration, relaxation, and happiness. All these combined contribute to creativity, team feelings, and better work performances. However, management by objectives and appropriate supervision of the company and good self-discipline prevent negative influences from appearing at work. 2) Factors affecting organizational playfulness climate include the acceptance of play and humor at workplace; open-mindedness, humor, creativity encouraging, and supportive leadership; flat organization and good communication and active interaction among colleagues; and comfortable physical environment and space arrangement good for communication; In addition, colleagues enjoy having fun together after work is also important. Discussions and suggestions are generated.

1. 邱皓政(2002)。學校組織創新的內涵與教師創造力的實踐：另一件國王的新衣？。應用心理學季刊，15，191-224。
   連結：
2. Amabile, T. M.(1988).A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations.Research in Organizational Behavior,10,123-167.
3. Berg, D. H.(1995).The Power of Playful Spirit at Work..Journal for Ouality and Participation,18(4),32-39.
4. Bruckman, A.(1994).Programming for Fun: MUDs as a Context for Collaborative Learning.U.S:Massachusetts.
5. Carroll, J.M.,Mack, R.L.,J.C. Thomas,M. L. Schneider(eds.)(1984).Human factors in computer systems.Norwood, NJ:Ablex.
6. Cellar, D. F.,Barrett, G. V.(1987).Script Processing and Intrinsic Motivation: The Cognitive Sets Underlying Cognitive Labels.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,40,115-135.
7. Costa, P.T.,McCrae, R .R.(1988).Fror Catalog to Classification: Murray`s Needs and the Five-factor Model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychological,55(2),258-265.
8. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1996).Creativity : The Work and Lives of 91 Eminent People, Harper Collins
9. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1997).Finding Flow.Psychology Today,30(4),46-51.
10. Daft, R. L.,S. Bachrach,N.D. Tomaso (Eds.)(1982).Research in the sociology of organizations. 1.Greenwish, CT:JAI.
11. Dansky, J. L.,M.A.Runco,S.R. Pritzker (editors)(1999).Encyclopedia of Creativity (II).San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
12. Ekvall, G.(1996).Organizational Climate for Creativity and Innovation.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,5(1),105-123.
13. Epstein, R.,Rogers, J.(2001).The Big Book of Motivation Games.NJ:McGraw Hill Companies.
14. Glynn, M. A.,Ibarra, H.(1988).Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management.Anaheim, CA:
15. Glynn, M. A.,Webster, J.(1992).The Adult Playfulness Scale: An Initial Assessment.Psychological Reports,71(1),83-104.
16. Glynn, M.A.,Webster, J.(1993).Refining the Nomological Net of the Adult Playfulness Scale: Personality, Motivational, and Attitudinal Correlates for Highly Intelligent Adults.Psychological Reports,72,1023-1026.
17. Goffman, E.(1974).Fram Analysis: an Essay on the Organization of Experience.New York:Harper & Row.
18. Goodale, T.,Godlbey, G.(1988).The Evolution of Leisure.State College, PA:Venture Publishing, Inc..
19. Gouldson, T.(2000).Does Humor Belong at Work?.Canadian Electronics,15(3),6.
20. Handler L.(1999).Assessment of Playfulness: Hermann Rorschach Meets D. W. Winnicott..Journal of Personality Assessment,72(2),208-217.
21. Iso-Ahola, S.,E.Jackson,T. Burton (Eds.)(1989).Understanding leisure and recreation: Mapping the past, charting the future.State College, PA:Venture.
22. Kelly T.、Littman J.(2001)。The art of innovation: lessons in creativity from IDEO。America`s leading design firm。
23. Kelly, J. R.,Godbey, G.(1992).The Sociology of Leisure..State College, PA:Venture.
24. Kirton, M. J.,Pender, S.(1982).The adaption-innovation continuum, occupational type, and course selection.Psychological Reports,51,883-886.
25. Lieberman, J. N.(1977).Playfulness.New York, NY:Academic Press.
26. Lundin, S.(2001).Go Fish..Training and Development,55(8),70-73.
27. Miller, S.(1973).Ends, Means, and Galumphing: Some Leitmotifs of play.American Anthropologist,75,87-98.
28. Neulinger, J.(1974).The Psychology of Leisure.New York, NY:Random House.
29. Sandelands, L.E.,Ashford, S, J.,Dutton, J.E.(1983).Reconceptualizing the Overjustification Effect: A Template-Matching Approach.Motivation and Emotion,7(3),229-255.
30. Schwartzman, H. B.(Ed.)(1980).Play and culture.West Point, NJ:Leisure Press.
31. Starbuck,W.H.,Webster, J.(1991).When is Play Productive?.Accounting. Management, and Information Technology,1(1),71-90.
32. Tang, T. L.,Baumeister, R. F.(1984).Effects of Personal Values, Perceived Surveillance, and Task Labels on Task Preference: The Ideology of Turning Play into Work.Journal of Applied Psychology,69(1),99-105.
33. Weissinger, E.,Bandalos, D. L.(1995).Development Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Measure Intrinsic Motivation in Leisure.Journal of Leisure Research,27,379-440.
34. 吳玫琪譯(1999)。Matt Weinstein, Managing to have fun。台北:台灣實業文化。
35. 武威立譯(2000)。Stephen C. Lundin, Harry Paul, and John christensen。Fish!: a remarkable Way to boost morale and improve results。台北:經典傳訊。
36. 徐鋒志譯(2002)。Robert I. Sutton, Weird ideas that work: 11 1/2practives for promoting, managing, and sustaingin innovation。台北:大塊文化。
37. 徐鋒志譯(2002)。IDEA物語：全球領導設計公司IDEO的密岌。台北:大塊文化。
38. 張永誠(2001)。100個領導高手的故事。台北:遠流。
39. 張玉玲、余嬪(1999)。大學生休閒內在動機、休閒阻礙、休閒無聊感與自我統合之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學報，23，83-111。
40. 陳清輝(1999)。博士論文(博士論文)。國立高雄師範大學。
41. 陳學志(2003)。整合知、情、意、行的幽默創意訓練課程的發展。2003「創造力實踐歷程」研討會論文集
42. 楊孟瑜(1996)。探索天地間：劉其偉傳奇。臺北市:天下文化。
43. 蔡文英譯(2001)。Mark Pesce, The playful world。台北:大塊文化。

1. 張世松(2016)。餐飲經營者特質對消費者幸福感影響之探討－以玩興與幸福感為調節變數。淡江大學管理科學學系企業經營碩士在職專班學位論文。2016。1-62。