異族傳說的圖文流傳：「恆與鶴戰」的小人國故事

How did the Tale of Pygmies and Cranes Circulate?-From the Perspective of Mythology and Iconography

10.6238/SIS.202203_(44-1).04

劉亞惟(LIU, YA-WEI)

小人與鶴 ； 小人國 ； 裔夷圖譜 ； 諸夷門 ； 異域想像 ； Pygmies and cranes ； Geranomachy ； Barbarian Illustration ； Categories of Various Barbarians ； Exotic imagination

中國學術年刊

44_1期（2022 / 03 / 01）

89 - 115

繁體中文

小人神話自先秦已有流傳。晚明時，日用類書「諸夷門」與傳教士製《坤輿萬國全圖》中，皆含相似「恆與鶴戰」的小人故事，此前研究多以中西二者的影響關係討論。不過，若將跨時代、文化的相似傳說納入比較，可發現這種傳播關係複雜、長期、多次、多元。古埃及遺跡、古希臘－羅馬神話與地理記載及古阿拉伯文獻中均記有此情節，小人的「居住地」亦有非洲、印度、歐亞大陸北部甚至中國、北美等不同說法，中文古籍中的小人國故事也存在不同類型。本文通過耙梳多文化圖文中「恒與鶴戰」的小人國神話，嘗試分辨脈絡以探討異族傳說的流傳。此外，不同時代對小人傳說的定位與解讀，反映了傳說異族從古代神話地理知識進入近代自然科學考察視野，又回歸神話學範疇的認知脈絡。

The myth of pygmies has been circulated since the pre-Qin period. In the late Ming dynasty, similar legends of ＂pygmies and cranes＂ can be found in the first Chinese world map ＂Kunyu Wanguo Quantu＂ drawn by western missionary, as well as ＂Categories of Various Barbarians＂ which represents popular exotic knowledge. In previous studies, discussions are mostly focusing on the relationship between Chinese and western culture; however, the communication process is complex. Myths, travel literature, and images from multiple cultures share the same plot, such as ancient Egyptian artifacts, Greek and Roman mythical and geographical literature, and Arabic illustrations. The ＂habitation＂ of pygmies is also various, including Africa, India, northern Eurasia, China, and North America. Moreover, legend of pygmies has several branches in Chinese mythology. Instead of finding out the prototype or origin, this article aims to explore the spread of legends by collating images and texts of similar motif in multicultural context. Besides, the worldwide myth of ＂pygmies and cranes＂ may contribute to the discussion of the roles that legendary races represent in the exotic knowledge system of different eras.

1. 鹿憶鹿, YI-LU(2021)。《山海經箋疏》引唐代類書考。東吳中文學報，41，67-102。
   連結：
2. 鹿憶鹿, YI-LU(2021)。《山海經》的再發現——曹善抄本的文獻價值考述。故宮學術季刊，39(1)，81-122。
   連結：
3. 楊彥彬, YAN-BIN(2009)。「非洲內陸白人族」：十八世紀科學知識與古典文學。臺灣師大歷史學報，41，109-140。
   連結：
4. (1968).原刻景印百部叢書集成.臺北=Taipei:藝文出版社=Yee Wen Publishing Company.
5. (2011).明代通俗日用類書集刊.重慶=Chongqing:西南師範大學出版社=ChongQing Normal University Press.
6. (2011).明代通俗日用類書集刊.重慶=Chongqing:西南師範大學出版社=Southwest Normal University Press.
7. （元）周致中, ZHI-ZHONG,陸峻嶺（校注）, JUNLING(2000).異域志.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
8. （宋）李昉（編）, FANG,張國風（會校）, GUO-FENG(2011).太平廣記會校.北京=Beijing:北京燕山出版社=Beijing Yan Shan Publishing Company.
9. （宋）李昉, FANG(1975).太平御覽.臺北=Taipei:臺灣商務印書=The Commercial Press Ltd.
10. （宋）義楚, CHU(1982).釋氏六帖.臺北=Taipei:彌勒出版社=Mi Le Publishing Company.
11. （宋）歐陽修, XIU(1975).新唐書.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
12. （明）王圻, QI,王思義, SI-YI(1988).三才圖會.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai Ancient Books Press.
13. （明）艾儒略, GIULIO,謝方（校釋）, FANG(2000).職方外紀.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
14. 明‧佚名 Anonymous：《異域圖志》Yi Yu Tu Zhi（明刊本，明）。
15. 唐‧玄奘 XUAN, ZANG：《大唐西域記》Da Tang Xi Yu Ji，收入王雲五 WANG, YUN-WU 主編：《萬有文庫》Wan You Wen Ku（上海 Shanghai：商務印書館 The Commercial Press，1933 年）。
16. （唐）杜佑, YOU(1988).通典.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
17. （唐）釋道世, DAO-SHI,周叔迦（校注）, SHU-JIA,蘇晉仁（校注）, JIN-REN(2003).法苑珠林.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
18. （清）王謨（編）, MO(1988).增訂漢魏叢書.臺北=Taipei:大化書局=Dahua Book Company.
19. Zakarīyā Ibn Muḥammad al-Qazwīnī, Kitāb ‘Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharā’ib al-mawjūdāt (手抄本，版權無可考)(c.1280) https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667228.(Accessed January 9, 2021).
20. Zakarīyā Ibn Muḥammad al-Qazwīnī, ‘Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharā’ib al-mawjūdāt (手抄本，版權無可考)(c.1300) https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023630152.0x000041. (Accessed January 9, 2021).
21. Anonymous, “The Akkas, a Pygmy Race from Central Africa,” Nature, 37 (1888), pp. 395-396. DOI：10.1038/037395a0.
22. Barney, Stephen A.(ed.)(2006).The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville.Cambridge University Press.
23. Franz Boes, “Tsimshian Mythology,” in 31st Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1916), pp. 29-958.
24. Abraham Cresques, Atles català.(Palma, 1375).
25. Ctesias, trans. John Watson McCrindle, Ancient India as Described by Ktesias The Knidian.(London: Trubner & Co., 1882).
26. Dan, Anca(2014).Mythic Geography, Barbarian Identities: The Pygmies in Thrace.Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia,20(1),39-66.
27. Warren R. Dawson, “Pygmies and Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 24, no. 2 (1938), pp. 185-189. DOI：10.2307/3854789.
28. de Mandeville, Jean,Moseley, C. W. R. Dutton(trans.)(2005).The Travels of Sir John Mandeville.London:Penguin Books.
29. Armand de Quatrefages, trans. Frederick Starr, The Pygmies. (New York: Macmillan and Co., 1895).
30. Paul Du Chaillu, The Country of the Dwarfs.(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871).
31. Paul Du Chaillu, “Equatorial Africa, with an Account of the Race of Pigmies,” Journal of the American Geographical and Statistical Society, 2, no. 2 (1870), pp. 99-112. DOI：10.2307/196254.
32. M. Gaster, “Gulliver among the Lilliputians in the Twelfth Century, and the Tale of the Dog-Headed Men,” Folklore, 26, no. 2 (1915), pp. 202-206. DOI：10.1080/0015587X.1915.9718873.
33. Grenet, Frantz(2006).What was the Afrasiab Painting about?.Rivista Degli Studi Orientali,78,43-58.
34. Gusinde, Martin(1955).Pygmies and Pygmoids: Twides of Tropical Africa.Anthropological Quarterly,28(1),3-61.
35. Hansen, William F.(2009).Ariadne’s Thread: A Guide to International Tales Found in Classical Literature.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
36. Solomon T. Hurwitz, “Pygmy-Legends in Jewish Literature,” The Jewish Quarterly Review, 6, no. 3 (1916), pp. 339-358. DOI：10.2307/1451443.
37. Malcolm Letts, “Prester John: A Fourteenth-Century Manuscript at Cambridge,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 29 (1947), pp. 19-26. DOI：10.2307/3678547.
38. McCook, Stuart(1996).‘It May Be Truth, but It Is Not Evidence’: Paul Du Chaillu and the Legitimation of Evidence in the Field Sciences.Osiris,11,177-197.
39. James Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” in 19th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900), pp. 3-548.
40. Abraham Ortelius, Septentrionalium Regionum.(Antwerp: Gielis Goppens van Diest, 1570).
41. Ovadiah, Asher,Mucznik, Sonia(2017).Myth and Reality in the Battle Between the Pygmies and the Cranes in the Greek and Roman Worlds.Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua,35(1),151-166.
42. Hartman Schedel, Nuremberg Chronicle.(German: Nuremberg, 1493).
43. Scobie, Alex(1977).A Further Note on Pygmies and Cranes in North America.Folklore,88(1),86-87.
44. Scobie, Alex(1975).The Battle of the Pygmies and the Cranes in Chinese, Arab, and North American Indian Sources.Folklore,86(2),122-132.
45. Seaver, Kirsten A.(2008).‘Pygmies’ of the Far North.Journal of World History,19(1),63-87.
46. Munster Sebastian, “Tabula Asiae VIII,” Geographia Universalis.(Basel: Henrich Petri, 1540).
47. Munster Sebastian, Cosmographia.(Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1552).
48. Strabo, trans. Horace Leonard Jones, The Geography of Strabo. (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930).
49. Van Duzer, Chet(2020).Martin Waldseemuller’s ‘Carta Marina’ of 1516: Study and Transcription of the Long Legends.Heidelberg:Springer Nature.
50. Bertram C.A. Windle, “Introduction,” in Edward Tyson, A philological essay concerning the pygmies of the ancients. (London: D. Nutt, 1894), pp.4-104.
51. Rudolf Wittkower, “Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 5(1942), pp.159-197. DOI：10.2307/750452.
52. 切特‧凡‧杜澤, Chet,馮奕達（譯）, YI-DA(2019).獻給國王的世界——十六世紀製圖師眼中的地理大發現.臺北=Taipei:麥田出版=Rye Field Publishing Co..
53. 文清閣（編）=Wen Qing Ge(2006).歷代山海經文獻集成.西安=Xi’an:西安地圖出版社=Xi’an Ditu Chubanshe.
54. 王永傑, YONG-JIE(2013)。利瑪竇、艾儒略世界地圖所記幾則傳說考辨。中國歷史地理論叢，28(3)，124-141。
55. 日‧佚名 Anonymous：《萬國人物之圖》Wan Guo Ren Wu Zhi Tu（長崎 Nagasaki：榮壽堂 Eijudou，江戶末期）。
56. 希羅多德,徐松岩（譯注）, SONG-YAN(2013).歷史.北京=Beijing:中信出版社=CITIC Press.
57. 李劍國, JIAN-GUO(2005).唐前志怪小說史.天津=Tianjin:天津教育出版社=Tianjin Education Press.
58. 李劍國, JIAN-GUO(1993).唐五代志怪傳奇續錄.天津=Tianjin:南開大學出版社=Nankai University Press.
59. 沙海昂（注）, A.J.H.,馮承鈞（譯）, CHENG-JUN(2003).馬可波羅行紀.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
60. 柏朗嘉賓,魯布魯克,耿昇（譯）, SHENG,何高濟（譯）, GAO-JI(2013).柏朗嘉賓蒙古行紀‧魯布魯克東行紀.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
61. 約翰‧曼德維爾, John,郭澤民（譯）, ZE-MIN,葛桂錄（譯）, GUI-LU(2006).曼德維爾遊記.上海=Shanghai:上海書店出版社=Shanghai Shudian Chubanshe.
62. 荷馬,羅念生（譯）, NIAN-SHENG,王煥生（譯）, HUAN-SHENG(2017).伊利亞特.上海=Shanghai:上海人民出版社=Shanhai Renmin Chubanshe.
63. 鹿憶鹿, YI-LU(2021).異域異人異獸：〈山海經〉在明代.臺北=Taipei:秀威經典=Showwe Information Co., Ltd.
64. 普林尼, Gaius Plinius,李鐵匠（譯）, TIE-JIANG(2008).自然史.上海=Shanghai:上海三聯書店=Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore.
65. 黃時鑒, SHI-JIAN,龔纓晏, YING-YAN(2004).利瑪竇世界地圖研究.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
66. 顎多立克, Odorico,何高濟（譯）, GAO-JI(2019).顎多立克東游錄.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua Book Company.
67. 瀧川龜太郎, Kametarou(1977).史記會注考證.臺北=Taipei:中新書局=Zhong Xin Book Company.