參與研發聯盟廠商之知識創造與技術移轉績效－社會資本與經濟性互動之觀點

Knowledge Creation and Technology Transfer Performance of the Firms Participating in the Consortia: Integrating Social Capital & Economical Interaction Perspective

10.6656/MR.2003.22.3.CHI.123

方世杰(Shih-Chieh Fang)；林麗娟(Julia L. Lin)；邱志芳(Chih-Fang Chiu)

社會資本 ； 知識創造 ； 技術移轉 ； 研發聯盟 ； social capital ； knowledge creation ； technology transfer ； R&D consortia

管理評論

22卷3期（2003 / 07 / 01）

123 - 148

繁體中文

面對變動快速以及愈趨激烈的產業競爭環境，台灣中小企業透由科技專案研發聯盟的參與可快速取得互補性資產，進而創造與蓄積組織內部知識資產以及有效的技術移轉。本文視研發聯盟為一典型的組織間關係(IORs)管理課題，因此依據IORs之本質與內涵：經濟性互動與社會性互動（本文稱之為社會資本），本文指出有效的組織間統治機制與特定性資產投資（經濟性互動），以及三個社會資本組成構面（包括結構、關係與認知系絡），是影響廠商之組織知識創造的重要因素。此外，知識創造之能力將進而影響廠商技術移轉績效。在實證研究方面，本文以參與工研院科技專案合作研發之廠商為對象，採問卷調查研究方法。主要的實證結果大致上均支持本文相關理論之推論，亦即廠商如果建構必要的社會資本，並與聯盟夥伴間有適當的經濟互動，將有助於其在研發聯盟過程中之知識創造與技術移轉。本文最後亦就本研究之理論與實證意涵做一討論，並提出管理實務與學術研究方向之建議。

R&D consortium is a strategic and effective means to acquire complementary assets, create knowledge and transfer technology for small & medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan. Based on the inter-organizational relationship (IOR) view, this study first identifies the social and economic factors affecting, the knowledge creation of R&D consortia participants. The economic factors include IOR governance mechanisms and investments on the specific assets. The social factors (called as social capital in this paper) consider the structural dimension, relational dimension and cognitive contexts of social capital. This paper then examines the relationship between knowledge creation and technology transfer performance. An analysis of 80 questionnaire responses from participants in ITRI-sponsored R&D consortia finds that the setup of social capital and the appropriate economic interactions can facilitate knowledge creation and technology transfer. Finally, this paper draws some implications and suggestions for the academy and the practice as well.

1. Adler, P. S.,Kwon, Seok-Woo(2002).Social Capital: Prospects for A New Concept.Academy of Management Review,27(1)
2. Ahuja, G.(2000).Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study.Administrative Science Quarterly,45
3. Almeida, P.,Kogut, B.(1999).Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks.Management Science,45(7)
4. Barney, J. B.,Hansen, M. H.(1994).Trustworthiness as A Source of Competitive Advantage.Strategic Management Journal,15
5. Brown, J. S.,Duquid, P.(2001).Knowledge and Organization: A Social-practice Perspective.Organization Science,12(2)
6. Burt, R. S.(1992).Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
7. Burt, R. S.(1997).The Contingent Value of Social Capital.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(2)
8. Chatterji, D.(1996).Accessing External Sources of Technology.Research Technology Management,39(2)
9. Chung, S.,Singh, H.,Lee, K.(2000).Complementarity, Status Similarity and Social Capital as Drivers of Alliance Formation.Strategic Management Journal,21
10. Cohen, W. M.,Levinthal, D. A.(1990).Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly,35(1)
11. Conner, K. R.,Prahalad, C. K.(1996).A Resource-Based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism.Organization Science,7(5)
12. Contractor, F. J.,Ra, W.(2002).How Knowledge Attributes Influence Alliance Governance Choices: A Theory Development Note.Journal of International Management,8
13. Dyer, J. H.(1996).Does Governance Matter? Keiretsu Alliances and Asset Specificity as Sources of Japanese Competitive Advantage.Organization Science,7(6)
14. Dyer, J. H.,Nobeoka, K.(2000).Creating and Managing a High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case.Strategic Management Journal,21
15. Dyer, J. H.,Singh, H.(1998).The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(4)
16. Gnyawali, D. R.,Madhavan, R.(2001).Cooperative Networks and Competitive Dynamics: A Structural Embeddedness Perspective.Academy of Management Review,26(3)
17. Grant, R. M.(1996).Toward A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm.Strategic Management Journal,17(Winter Special Issue)
18. Gulati, R.(1998).Alliances and Networks.Strategic Management Journal,19
19. Gulati, R.(1995).Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances.Academy of Management Journal,38(1)
20. Gulati, R. M.(1999).Network Location and Learning: The Influence of Network Resources and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation.Strategic Management Journal,20(5)
21. Gulati, R.,Singh, H.(1998).The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances.Administrative Science Quarterly,43
22. Hagedoorn, J.(1990).Organizational Modes of Inter-firm Cooperation and Technology Transfer.Technovation,10(1)
23. Hamel, G.(1991).Competition for Competence and Interpartner Learning within International Strategic Alliances.Strategic Management Journal,12(Summer Special Issue)
24. Hansen, M. T.(1999).The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits.Administrative Science Quarterly,44(1)
25. Hansen, M. T.(2002).Knowledge Networks: Explaining Effective Knowledge Sharing in Multiunit Companies.Organization Science,13(3)
26. Hedlund, G. H.(1994).A Model of Knowledge Management and the N-Form Corporation.Strategic Management Journal,15
27. Huber, G. P.(1991).Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures.Organization Science,2(1)
28. Inghan, M.,Mothe, C.(1998).How to Learn in R＆D Partnerships?.R＆D Management,28
29. Inkpen, A.,Dinur, A.(1998).Knowledge Management Process and International Joint Venture.Organizational Science,9(4)
30. Kale, P.,Dyer, J. H.,Singh, H.(2002).Alliance Capability, Stock Market Response, and Long Term Alliance Success.Strategic Management Journal,23(8)
31. Kale, P.,Singh, H.,Perlmutter, H.(2000).Learning and Protection of Proprietary Assets in Strategic Alliances: Building Relational Capital.Strategic Management Journal,21
32. Khanna, T.,Gulati, R.,Nohira, N.(1998).The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation and Relative Scope.Strategic Management Journal,19(3)
33. Kogut, B.,Zander, U.(1992).Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology.Organization Science,3(3)
34. Koka, B. R.,Prescott, J. E.(2002).Strategic Alliances as Social Capital: A Multidimensional View.Strategic Management Journal,23(9)
35. Kostova, T.(1999).Transnational Transfer of Strategic Organizational Practices: A Contextual Perspective.Academy of Management Review,24
36. Kostova, T.,Roth, K.(2002).Adoption of an Organizational Practice by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations: Institutional and Relational Effects.Academy of Management Journal,45(1)
37. Lambe, C. J.,Spekman, R. E.,Hunt, S. D.(2000).Alliance Competence, Resources and Alliance Success: Conceptualization, Measurement and Initial.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,30(2)
38. Lesser, E. L.(2000).Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundations and Applications.
39. Liebeskind, J. P.,Oliver, A. L.,Zucker, L.,Brewer, M.(1996).Social Networks, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms.Organization Science,7(4)
40. Lorenzoni, G.,Lipparini, A.(1999).The Leveraging of Interfirm Relationships as a Distinctive Organizational Capability: A Longitudinal Study.Strategic Management Journal,20(4)
41. Makhija, M. V.,Ganesh, U.(1997).The Relationship between Control and Partner Learning in Learning-Related Joint Ventures.Organization Science,8(5)
42. McEvily, B.,Zaheer, A.(1999).Bridging Ties: A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competitive Capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,20
43. McEvily, S. K.,Chakravarthy, B.(2002).The Persistence of Knowledge-based Advantage: An Empirical Test for Product Performance and Technology Knowledge.Strategic Management Journal,23(4)
44. Nahapiet, J.,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(2)
45. Nelson, R. E.(1989).The Strength of Strong Ties: Social Networks and Intergroup Conflict in Organizations.Academy of Management Journal,32
46. Nonaka, I.,Toyama, R.,Konno, N.(2000).SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation.Long Range Planning,33
47. Phan, P. H.,Peridis, T.(2000).Knowledge Creation in Strategic Alliances: Another Look at Organizational Learning.ASIA Pacific Journal of Management,17
48. Pisano, G. P.(1994).Knowledge, Integration, and the Locus of Learning: An Empirical Analysis of Process Development.Strategic Management Journal,15
49. Powell, W. W.,Koput, K. W.,Smith-Doerr, L.(1996).Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology.Administrative Science Quarterly,41
50. Ranft, A. L.,Lord, M. D.(2002).Acquiring New Technologies and Capabilities: A Grounded Model of Acquisition Implementation.Organization Science,13(4)
51. Rousseau, D. M.,Sitkin, S. B.,Burt, R. S.,Camerer, C.(1998).Not So Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust.Academy of Management Review,23(3)
52. Rowley, T.,Behrens, D.,Krackhardt, D.(2000).Redundant Governance Structures: An Analysis of Structural and Relational Embeddedness in the Steel and Semiconductor Industries.Strategic Management Journal,21
53. Sakakibara, M.(1997).Evaluating Government-Sponsored R＆D Consortia in Japan: Who Benefits and How?.Research Policy,26(4/ 5)
54. Sakakibara, M.(2002).Formation of R＆D Consortia: Industry and Company Effects.Strategic Management Journal,23(11)
55. Shenkar, O.,Li, Jiatao(1999).Knowledge Search in International Cooperative Ventures.Organization Science,10(2)
56. Simonin, B. L.(1999).Ambiguity and the Process of Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances.Strategic Management Journal,20(7)
57. Steensma, H. K.,Corley, K. G.(2001).Organizational Context as a Moderator of Theories on Firm Boundaries for Technology Sourcing.Academy of Management Journal,44(2)
58. Szulanski, G.(1996).Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice Within the Firm.Strategic Management Journal,17
59. Takeishi, A.(2001).Bridging Inter- and Intra- Firm Boundaries: Management of SupplierInvolvement in Automobile Product Development.Strategic Management Journal,22
60. Teece, D. J.,Pisano, G.,Shuen, A.(1997).Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management.Strategic Management Journal,18(7)
61. Tsai, Wenpin(2000).Social Capital, Strategic Relatedness and the Formation of Intraorganizational Linkages.Strategic Management Journal,21(9)
62. Tsai, Wenpin(2002).Social Structure of 'Coopetition' Within a Multiunit Organization: Coordination, Competition, and Intra-Organizational Knowledge Sharing.Organization Science,13(2)
63. Tsai, Wenpin(2001).Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks: Effects of Network Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation and Performance.Academy of Management Journal,44(5)
64. Tsai, Wenpin,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks.Academy of Management Journal,41(4)
65. Uzzi, B.(1996).The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.American Sociological Review,61
66. Uzzi, B.,Gillespie, J. J.(2002).Knowledge Spillover in Corporate Financing Networks: Embeddedness and the Firm's Debt Performance.Strategic Management Journal,23(7)
67. Walker, G.,Kogut, B.,單偉建 Shan, WeiJian(1997).Social Capital, Structure Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network.Organization Science,8(2)
68. Wathne, K. H.,Heide, J. B.(2000).Opportunism in Interfirm Relationships: Forms, Outcomes, and Solutions.Journal of Marketing,64(4)
69. Yli-Renko, H.,Autio, E.,Sapienza, H. J.(2001).Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms.Strategic Management Journal,22
70. Yli-Renko, H.,Autio, E.,Tontti, V.(2002).Social Capital, Knowledge, and the International Growth of Technology-based New Firms.International Business Review,11
71. Zaheer, A.,Venkatraman, N.(1995).Relational Governance as an Interorganizational Strategy: An Empirical Test of the Role of Trust in Economic Exchange.Strategic Management Journal,16
72. Zahra, S. A.,George, G.(2002).Absorptive Capacity: A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension.Academy of Management Review,27(2)
73. Zahra, S. A.,Nielsen, A. P.(2002).Sources of Capabilities, Integration and Technology Commercialization.Strategic Management Journal,23(5)
74. 方世杰 Fang, Shu-Jie(1999)。產研研發聯盟之廠商特質、技術移轉特性、互動機制與績效之研究 The Consortia Formed between Industry and Research Institution: The Features, Interaction Mechanisms and Performance。管理學報 Journal of Management，16(4)
75. 方世杰 Fang, Shu-Jie、鄭仲興 Cheng, Chung-Shing(2001)。組織間學習機制與合作研發之組織學習績效的實證研究－組織間互動之觀點 Interorganizational Learning Mechanisms and Organizational Learning Performance within Cooperative R＆D: The Interorganizational Interaction Perspective。管理學報 Journal of Management，18(4)
76. 李仁芳 Lee, Jen-Fang(1996)。第五屆產業管理研討會。
77. 俞慧芸 Yu, Hui-Yun(1995)。政府科技專案技術移轉模式與移轉績效之研究－以臺灣電子資訊產業為例。國立中山大學企業管理研究所。
78. 謝龍發(1993)。我國廠商參與政府主導共同研究發展聯盟的動機、類型和管理機制的相關研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所。

1. 蔡政安、溫福星(2008)。關係鑲嵌性與子公司劇變型的興業行為間關係實證研究—使用階層線性模式以降低共同方法所産生的變異。管理學報，25(6)，615-634。
2. 黃淑媛(2015)。台灣智慧資本研究：以TSSCI管理學門期刊為例。修平學報，30，147-176。
3. 邱紹群,林炳村(2022)。傳承社會資本延續家族企業價值。管理資訊計算，11(2)，74-90。
4. 吳昆宗,王信文(2023)。社會資本與百年家族企業突破困境－以新和春漬物醬油工廠為例。文化創意產業研究學報，13(1)，71-80。
5. 張榕容、洪廣朋、林明杰(2010)。知識創造與新產品績效之研究：探討市場導向的調節效果。科技管理學刊，15(4)，87-119。