思想史研究中的主體與結構：認真考慮《焦竑與晚明新儒學之重構》中“與”的意義

Subject and Structure in the Study of Intellectual History: Towards an Understanding of the "Andness" in Chiao Hung and the Restructuring of Neo-Confucianism in the Late Ming

10.29816/TARQSS.199803.0002

宋家復(Chia-Fu Sung)

前景化 ； 脈絡 ； 文本 ； 時空性 ； 述句 ； 話語物件 ； 話語規律性 ； foreground ； context ； text ； situatedness or placedness ； statements ； discursive objects ； discursive regularity

台灣社會研究季刊

29期（1998 / 03 / 01）

39 - 73

繁體中文

本文探討錢新祖老師的思想史方法論，主要取材、但不局限於他《焦竑與晚明新儒學之重構》一書。第一節首先釐清“理論”一詞在錢老師“前景化”思想和教學實踐中的特殊意義，它並非是等待被套用在中國例證上的外國公式模型，而是對作為主體建構條件之語言要素的精緻化自述。第二節，藉著分析三本晚近出版的中國思想史著作，嘗試說明非思想傳記歷史學者如何運用和建構思想“脈絡”。比較之下，錢老師史學作業的特色，在於提供了一個豐富而且縝密看待人類思想發展的方式；人類思想發展作為一個文本化的脈絡，人的主體性在其中不僅有意參與而且深深植床於三價結構化的論述形構之中。關於述句、物件和規律性這三價結構將在第三節中詳盡分析。

This essay is an investigation into my late mentor Edward T. Ch'ien's methodology of intellectual history, as it is practiced most systematically but not exclusively in his Chiao Hung and the Restructuring of Neo-Confucianism in the Late Ming. I start by suggesting that Ch'ien's pedagogical performance of ever-foregrounding be considered as an embodiment of his personal formulation of relating contemporary critical theories to the study of Chinese intellectual history. Theory, in Ch'ien's classroom and his research practice as well, is viewed not as a universalizable Western model waiting to be uncritically imposed on any Chinese case, but rather as a well-formulated self-articulation of those linguistic media through which one's whole being is constituted. Secondly, by comparing Chiao Hung and the Restructuring with three other works published later in the same field, I attempt to demonstrate that, once moving beyond the genre of intellectual biography, historians have developed different approaches of dealing with a broader intellectual context, varying from a further elaboration of conventional wisdom to more aggressively interpretive acts of construction. Thirdly, the distinction of Ch'ien's historiographic operation consists in that he provided us a fully-fledged and sophisticated way of conceptualizing human intellectual development as a textualized context, in which human subjectivity is not only actively engaging with but also unintentionally embedded in a triadically-structured discursive formation in terms of uttered statements, deployed objects, and the discursive regularity.

1. 梅樂安(1998)。台北，香港，芝加哥－錢新祖先生行述。台灣社會研究季刊 Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies，29
   連結：
2. (1983).Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
3. Berkhofer, Jr. Robert F.(1995).Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse.Cambridge, Mass.:The Belknap Press of Harvard UP.
4. Bol, Peter K.(1989).Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage.Berkeley:University of California Press.
5. Bol, Peter K.(1994).Journal of Sung Yuan Studies,24
6. Bol, Peter K.(1987).Seeking Common Ground: Han Literati under Jurchen Rule.Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,47(2)
7. Bol, Peter K.(1992).This Culture of Ours: Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China.Stanford:Stanford UP.
8. de Bary, Wm. Theodore(1975).The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism.New York:Columbia UP.
9. Elman, Benjamin(1995).Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,55(2)
10. Guy, Kent R.(1997).Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,57(2)
11. Huang, Chin-hsing(1995).Philosophy, Philology and Politics in Eighteenth Century China: Li Fu and Lu-Wang School under the Ch'ing.New York:Cambridge UP.
12. Lawson, Hilary(1985).Reflexivity: The Post-modern Predicament.La Salle, Illinois:Open Court.
13. Leitch, Vincent(1986).Theory in the Classroom.Urban and Chicago:University of Illinois Press.
14. Macdonell, Diane(1986).Theories of Discourse: An Introduction.Oxford:Blackwell.
15. Pecheux, Michel(1995).Automatic Discourse Analysis.Amsterdam:Rodopi.
16. Pecheux, Michel(1975).Language, Semantics and Ideology.New York:St. Martin's Press.
17. Prudovsky, Gad(1997).Can We Ascribe to Past Thinkers Concepts They Had No Linguistic Means to Express?.History and Theory,36(1)
18. Thompson, John B.(1984).Studies in the Theory of Ideology.Cambridge:Polity Press.
19. Tillman, Hoyt(1994).Journal of Sung Yuan Studies,24
20. White, Hayden(1973).Foucault Decoded: Notes from Under-ground.History and Theory,12
21. 久保田量遠 くぼたりようえん(1931)。支那儒道佛三教史論。東京:東方書院。
22. 田浩 Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland(1976).Harvard University.
23. 田浩 Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland(1992).Confucian Discourse and Chu Hsi's Ascendancy.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.
24. 余英時 Yu, Ying-Shih(1988).The Intellectual World of Chiao Hung Revisited: A Review Article.Ming Studies,25
25. 杜維明(1994).The Historical Significance of the Confucian Discourse.The China Quarterly,140
26. 奚密(1983).The Deconstructive Way: A Comparative Study of Derrida and Chuang Tzu.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,10(2)
27. 張詩薇 、 何立文(1990)。訪錢新祖老師。史系導報，新44
28. 陳奕麟 Chun, Allen(1987)。左派思想「a la mode」：國內知識界的「當代」。思與言：人文與社會科學雜誌 Thought and Words: Journal of the Humanities and Social Science，24(5)
29. 黃培(1997).China Review International,4(2)
30. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.。傳統中國近世思想專題討論課程表。
31. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1986)。是當代也是「反當代」。當代 Con-Temporary Monthly，1
32. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1992)。「肇論」裏的「虛」與「空」。民國以來國史研究的回顧與展望研討會論文集（下冊）
33. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1988)。中國的傳統思想與比較分析的「措詞」（rhetoric）。台灣社會研究季刊 Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies，1(1)
34. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1987)。佛道的語言觀與矛盾語（上）。當代 Con-Temporary Monthly，11
35. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1983)。近代人談近代化的時空性。思與言：人文與社會科學雜誌 Thought and Words: Journal of the Humanities and Social Science，21(1)
36. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1982).The Neo-Confucian Confrontation with Buddhism: A Structural and Historical Analysis.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,9
37. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1985)。中國思想史研究的前瞻座談會記錄。漢學研究通訊 Newsletter for Research in Chinese Studies，4(1)
38. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1988).The Neo-Confucian Confrontation with Buddhism: A Structural and Historical Analysis.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,15
39. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1989)。朱陸的「讀書」爭與新儒家所講求的知識與道德。新加坡:東亞哲學研究所。
40. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1986)。教育－一個解不開的結？。台北:允晨。
41. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1991).Neither Structuralism Nor Lovejoy's History of Ideas: A Disidentification with Professor Ying-shih Yu's Review as a Dis-Course.Ming Studies,31
42. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.(1986).Chiao Hung and the Restructuring of Neo-Confucianism in the Late Ming.New York:Columbia University Press.
43. 錢新祖 Ch''ien, Edward T.、 汪平雲(1991)。主體性的開創可能－與錢新祖教授的對話。中國論壇 China Tribune，31(9)

1. (2003)。從思想史到文化史的嘗試─包弼德《斯文》一書及相關討論述評。新史學，14(2)，1-48。