第二套住房選擇與社會正義　以上海為例

Second Home Housing Choice and Social Justice in Shanghai

宋郁玲(Yu-Ling SONG)

第二套住房 ； 住宅選擇 ； 中產階級 ； 社會正義 ； 深度訪談 ； 上海 ； second home ； housing choice ； middle class ； social justice ； in-depth interview ； Shanghai

台灣社會研究季刊

104期（2016 / 09 / 30）

59 - 102

繁體中文

1998年以來，中國住宅呈現商品化現象，亦即住宅的價值超越了居住的功能，越來越多人購買二間或以上的住宅。在2010年，中國國務院頒布「新國十條」，開始對購買第二套及以上住宅者，進行貸款限制。於是，中國政府在面對住宅市場過熱、甚至引發泡沫風險之時，首波打房政策整治的對象，就瞄向了「中產階級」，使社會不正義的責備指向了這個群體，形成社會整體卸責的結果。在這樣的背景下，本文擇定上海作為研究區域，針對2009-2010年期間在上海擁有「第二套住房」的20位上海人，進行半結構式深度訪談、主題分析（thematic analysis），以及描述統計分析，探討中國在住房改革十年來的政策結構下，這些已擁有「第二套住房」或者還在籌畫購屋的中產階級，當他們選擇「第二套住房」時，會形成什麼樣的敘事？而這些敘事，能否顯現出他們差異的空間經驗，進而翻轉其社會不正義的標籤？本文更追問，最終不正義的社會責任，又將由誰承擔？最後，本研究發現，現有論述對於「第二套住房」業主的責備，並無法積極解決不正義的現狀，而社會結構所造成的壓迫恐怕才是主因，此不僅表現在弱勢階層，也同樣讓看似無罪的中產階級捲入邪惡之渦。本研究分析表明，這種集體邪惡，係由社會結構和參與者共同創造，一旦責備失焦，將造成真正涉入者得以卸責、無罪，社會結構的壓迫性無異更為嚴峻。而本文所提「集體責任」的積極觀點，將有利於導入並作為扭轉不正義的契機。

Since 1998, along with housing commercialization, owning a second home has become more and more prevalent in China. However, the owners of second homes, generally seen as the middle class, became the target of a new wave of housing policies which aimed at curbing the estate speculation. Putting the blame of social injustice on the middle class, this resulted in the collective relief of responsibility. To critically reflect on this situation, the paper selected Shanghai as its study area, with the fieldwork carried out during the summer time in 2009-2010. Twenty interviewees who owned second homes were selected through the snowballing sampling and semi-structured in-depth interviews were undertaken with them. By using the thematic and descriptive statistics analysis to explore what kind of narratives would be constructed when second home owners made their housing choice, the paper seeks to ask what kinds of different spatial experiences could be revealed by these narratives and who should really take the social responsibility for spatial injustice. This study finds that the blame on second homes' middle class owners is incapable of actively resolving the existing injustice, for the oppression from social structure is the main reason, which not only affects the vulnerable social classes but also pulls the seemingly innocent middle class into the vortex of evil. This study shows that this collective evil of spatial injustice is co-constructed by social structure and those who participated in it. Therefore a blame which misses this point would relieve the real culprits of their responsibilities. This paper proposes the concept of ＂collective responsibility＂ as a more effective way to reverse the injustice.

1. 上海社會科學院。2008。《上海社會生活狀況調查》。（未出版資料）。
2. Barnett, C.(2010).Geography and ethics: Justice unbound.Progress in Human Geography,35(2),246-25.
3. Dikec, M.(2001).Justice and the spatial imagination.Environment and Planning A,33(10),1785-1805.
4. Flowerdew, R.(Ed.),David, M.(Ed.)(2005).Methods in human geography: A guide for students doing a research project.London:Longman.
5. Hall, C. M.(Ed.),Muller, D.(Ed.)(2004).Tourism, mobility and second homes: Between elite landscape and common ground.Clevedon:Channel View Publication.
6. Hall, C. M.,Muller, D. K.,Keen, D.(2001).Second homes in rural areas: Blessing or curse? Revisited.conference New Directions in Managing Rural Tourism and Leisure: Local Impacts, Global Trends,Ayrshire, Scotland, UK:
7. Harvey, D.(1996).Justice, nature and the geography of difference.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
8. Harvey, D.(1973).Social justice and the city.London:University of Georgia Press.
9. He, S.(2007).State-sponsored gentrification under market transition: The case of Shanghai.Urban Affairs Review,43(2),171-198.
10. Huang, Y.(2003).A room of one's own: Housing consumption and residential crowding in transitional urban China.Environment and Planning A,35,591-614.
11. Huang, Y.(2004).Housing markets, government behaviors, and housing choice: A case study of three cities in China.Environment and Planning A,36(1),45-68.
12. Huang, Y. Q.,Clark, W.(2002).Housing tenure choice in transitional urban China: A multilevel analysis.Urban Studies,39(1),7-32.
13. Huang, Y. Q.,Yi, C.(2010).Consumption and tenure choice of multiple homes in transitional urban China.International Journal of Housing Policy,10(2),105-131.
14. Huang, Y.(Ed.),Li, S. M.(Ed.)(2014).Housing inequality in Chinese cities.New York:Routledge.
15. Huang, Y.,Jiang, L.(2009).Housing inequality in transition Beijing.International Journal of Urban and Rigional Research,33(4),936-956.
16. Kohn, J.(Ed.)(1994).Essays in understanding.New York:Harcour-Brace.
17. Laden, A.(Ed.),Owen, D.(Ed.)(2007).Multiculturalism and political theory.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press..
18. Lewis-Beck, M.S.(Ed.),Bryman, A.(Ed.),Liao, T. F.(Ed.)(2003).The sage encyclopedia of social science research methods.London:Sage.
19. Li, S. M.(2004).Life course and residential mobility in Beijing, China.Environment and Planning A,36(1),27-44.
20. Li, S. M.(2000).Housing market and tenure decision in Chinese cities: A multivariate analysis of the case of Guangzhou.Housing Studies,15(2),213-236.
21. Li, S. M.(2003).Housing tenure and residential mobility in urban China: A study of commodity housing development in Beijing and Guangzhou.Urban Affairs Review,38(4),510-534.
22. Li, S. M.(2000).Housing consumption in urban China: A comparative study of Beijing and Guangzhou.Environment and Planning A,32,1115-1134.
23. Li, Z.,Wu, F.(2008).Sociospatial differentiation in transitional Shanghai.Journal of Geographical Science,63(3),247-256.
24. Logan, J. R.,Bian, Y.,Bian, F.(1999).Housing inequality in urban China in the 1990s'.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,23,7-25.
25. Logan, J. R.,Fang, Y.,Zhang, Z.(2010).The winners in China's urban housing reform.Housing Studies,25(1),101-117.
26. Ma, J. C.(Ed.),Wu, F.(Ed.)(2005).Restructuring the Chinese city: Changing society, economy and space.London:Routledge.
27. Mulder, C. H.(1996).Housing choice: Assumptions and approaches.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,11(3),209-232.
28. Muller, D. K.(2002).Second home ownership and sustainable development in Northern Sweden.Tourism and Hospitality Research,3(4),343-355.
29. Pow, C. P.(2007).Securing the 'civilised' enclaves: Gated communities and the moral geographies of exclusion in (post-)social Shanghai.Urban Studies,44(8),1539-1558.
30. Pow, C. P.(2009).Neoliberalism and the aestheticization of new middle-class landscapes.Antipod,41(2),371-390.
31. Rawls, J.(1971).A theory of justice.Boston:Harvard University Press.
32. Shen, J. F.(2002).A study of the temporary population in Chinese cities.Habitat International,26(3),363-377.
33. Soja, E. W.(2010).Seeking spatial justice.London:University of Minnesota Press..
34. Stanley, A.(2009).Just space or spatial justice? Difference, discourse, and environmental justice.Local Environment,14(10),999-1014.
35. Timmermans, H. J. P.,Noortwijk, L. V.(1995).Context dependencies in housing choice behavior.Environment and Planning A,27(2),181-192.
36. Tomba, L.(2004).Creating an urban middle class: Social engineering in Beijing.China Journal,51,1-26.
37. Wang, D.,Li, S. M.(2004).Housing preferences in a transitional housing system: The case of Beijing. China.Environment and Planning A,36(1),69-87.
38. Wang, Y. P.(2000).Housing reform and its impacts on the urban poor in China.Housing Studies,15(6),845-864.
39. Wang, Y. P.,Shao, L.,Forrest, R.(2010).Editorial: Housing affordability and market stability.Housing Studies,25(6),773-775.
40. Wu, F.(2004).Urban poverty and marginalization under market transition: The case of Chinese cities.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,28(2),401-423.
41. Wu, W.(2002).Migrant housing in urban China: Choices and constraints.Urban Affairs Review,38(1),90-119.
42. Young, I. M.(2013).Responsibility for justice.New York:Oxford University Press.
43. Young, I. M.(1990).Justice and politics of differences.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
44. Zhang, L.(2010).In search of paradise: Middle-class living in a Chinese metropolis.New York:Cornell University Press.
45. 卜凡中(2010)。我們房地產這些年。杭州:浙江大學出版社。
46. 小康論壇(2002)。小康家庭為何要有兩套房？與經濟學家厲以寧教授的對話。中國農村小康科技，2002(3)，5-6。
47. 中國改革(2007)。鏗鏘六人談：被扭曲的房市。中國改革，2007(8)，15-20。
48. 元坤(2010)。中國樓市何處去。北京:中國廣播電視出版社。
49. 毛冰、王軍、范波瀾(2006)。發展「第二住宅」加快農村房地產建設。商場現代化，2006(9)，134-135。
50. 田萍、張進(2003)。走進第二套住宅。金融經濟，2003(5)，20-21。
51. 任志強(2008)。任我評說：任志強解讀地產十年。北京:當代中國出版社。
52. 城市開發編輯(2002)。厲以寧教授談宏觀經濟形勢：經濟並未轉入良性循環，消費熱點仍靠住房拉動。城市開發，2002(4)，13-17。
53. 徐文雄、保繼剛(2006)。度假地型第二居所空間分佈和影響研究：以三亞市為例。雲南大學社會科學學報（社會科學版），38(5)，63-67。
54. 徐文雄、保繼剛(2006)。對郊區型第二住宅空間分佈的初步研究：以廣東省佛山市為例。規劃師，22(10)，71-74。
55. 袁一泓(2011)。從沸騰到癲狂：泡沫背後的中國房地產真相。太原:山西經濟出版社。
56. 張仲伍、孫桂平、趙志超(2005)。我國第二住宅空間分佈特徵的初步研究。河北師範大學學報（自然科學版），9(3)，309-31。
57. 戚名琛(2003)。第二套住宅的不可行性研究。城市開發，2003(1)，20-23。
58. 戚名琛(2002)。何時能少些浮躁多些實在：諸多離譜「第二套住宅」論的剖析。中國房地產金融，2002(11)，14-17。
59. 陸學藝(2002)。當代中國社會階層研究報告。北京:社會科學文獻出版社。
60. 馮健、劉之浩(2000)。中國第二住宅發展的研究：動力機制、特征、效應與規劃展望。地理學與國土研究，2000(1)，30-35。
61. 楊繼瑞(2001)。第二住宅現象的分析與思考。國土經濟，2001(6)，19-21。
62. 達即至(2007)。關於「第二套房」。城市問題，2007(2)，78-79。

1. 簡馨芬、陳俊瑜、涂登才(2018)。台灣美容SPA產業發展策略之研究─以K個案經銷商為例。美容科技學刊，15(1)，59-89。