2050淨零碳排下的氫能發展方向與挑戰

The Development Direction and Challenges of Hydrogen Energy Under 2050 Net Zero Carbon Emissions

林茂文(Maw-Wen Lin)

氫能 ； 燃料電池車 ； 綠氫 ； 加氫站 ； 藍氫 ； LNG ； Hydrogen Energy ； Fuel Cell Vehicle ； Green Hydrogen ； Hydrogen Refueling Station ； Blue Hydrogen ； LNG

石油季刊

58卷1期（2022 / 03 / 01）

1 - 42

繁體中文

氫能是一種豐富的資源，在因應氣候變遷時被譽為是對環境友善的燃料，可以幫助世界上污染嚴重的產業大幅減少碳排放。目前，許多國家及企業越來越看中氫能未來的發展價值，希望其能真正成為綠色能源。整個氫能產業鏈，主要分為「製氫、儲氫、運氫、用氫」四個環節，每個環節的能效以及是否形成閉環效應，是決定氫能經濟以及氫能效率的關鍵要素。氫氣在全球受到關注，主要因為其在工業、交通與儲能等不同領域都有減碳潛力。目前，各國政府正鼓勵發展清潔氫氣的政策，制定氫戰略和建置基礎設施以朝向零碳氫的方向邁進，但並非所有策略都只專注於綠氫，有些包括將煤炭、天然氣和核能轉化成氫。近兩年，美歐中日韓澳等工業國，以及全球石化、能源、汽車等跨國集團，都競相推出綠氫發展計畫。而未來氫能全球發展趨勢將朝向綠氫產業鏈逐漸成形，有完整上下游的工業國家腳步較快。此外，氫氣在發電與供暖的角色也愈來愈重要，且藍氫發展腳步可能將快過綠氫。國際再生能源總署專家預估，氫能成本可在2030年降至與化石燃料競爭的程度。本篇報告首先介紹氫能產業發展將迎來一個新的開始，其次探討液化天然氣和氫氣在能源轉型中的關鍵作用，最後綜述主要國家氫能發展方向與挑戰，以作為臺灣今後推動氫能與燃料電池技術發展的借鏡，期望加速臺灣相關技術的商業化腳步。

Hydrogen is an abundant resource, hailed as an environmentally friendly fuel in the fight against climate change, and could help the world's most polluting industries drastically reduce carbon emissions. At present, many countries and enterprises are increasingly looking at the future development value of hydrogen energy, hoping that it can truly become a green energy. The entire hydrogen energy industry chain is mainly divided into four links: ＂hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, hydrogen transport, and hydrogen use＂. The energy efficiency of each link and whether a closed-loop effect is formed are the key factors that determine the hydrogen energy economy and hydrogen energy efficiency. Hydrogen has gained global attention mainly because of its carbon reduction potential in various fields such as industry, transportation and energy storage. Governments are currently encouraging the development of clean hydrogen policies, developing hydrogen strategies and building infrastructure to move towards zero-carbon hydrogen, but not all strategies focus solely on green hydrogen, some include converting coal, natural gas and nuclear energy into hydrogen. In the past two years, industrial countries such as the United States, Europe, China, Japan, South Korea and Australia, as well as multinational groups such as global petrochemicals, energy, and automobiles, have all launched green hydrogen development plans. In the future, the global development trend of hydrogen energy will gradually take shape towards the green hydrogen industry chain, and the industrial countries with complete upstream and downstream are faster. In addition, hydrogen plays an increasingly important role in power generation and heating, and blue hydrogen may develop faster than green hydrogen. Experts from the International Renewable Energy Agency estimate that the cost of hydrogen energy can fall to the level of competition with fossil fuels by 2030. This report firstly introduces that the development of hydrogen energy industry will usher in a new beginning, secondly discusses the key roles of LNG and hydrogen in energy transition, and finally summarizes the development directions and challenges of hydrogen energy in major countries, as a way for Taiwan to promote the development of hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology in the future and accelerate the commercialization of Taiwan's related technologies.

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