题名

台灣地區新生兒臍帶血中元素濃度分佈初探

并列篇名

Concentration Distributions of Elements in Umbilical Cord Blood in Taiwan

DOI

10.6288/TJPH2009-28-05-07

作者

劉俊宏(Jyung-Hung Liu)；吳惠琤(Hui-Chen Wu)；陳保中(Pau-Cheng Chen)；郭育良(Yue-Liang Leon Guo)；黃耀輝(Yaw-Huei Hwang)

关键词

臍帶血 ； 金屬 ； 鉛 ； 汞 ； 鎘 ； Cord blood ； Metal ； Lead ； Mercury ； Cadmium

期刊名称

台灣公共衛生雜誌

卷期/出版年月

28卷5期（2009 / 10 / 01）

页次

420 - 435

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

目標：本研究利用臍帶血中金屬濃度作為環境暴露監測工具，初探國內新生兒臍帶血中各種金屬元素濃度分布常模值。方法：自2004年5月至2005年7月間，收集來自於不同層級醫療院所的1,526對產婦及其新生兒為研究對象。臍帶血樣本由醫護人員在產婦分娩時採集，之後以感應耦合電漿質譜儀進行分析，總共有1,407個臍帶血樣本完成十八種金屬含量分析。結果：鋅、銅、硒等濃度值最高，其中位數分別為2,296 μg/L，519 μg/L，204 μg/L。錳、鉛、汞、砷等濃度次之，中位數分別為47.6 μg/L，13.2 μg/L，9.4 μg/L，3.2 μg/L。鈹、鉑、鉈、釷及鈾等金屬元素濃度在臍帶血中相對較低。臍帶血樣本中只有硒之原始濃度符合常態分布，鋅、砷及汞等元素濃度經對數轉換後，也符合常態分布條件。結論：目前台灣地區臍帶血中鉛濃度已降至與已開發國家相當，汞與鎘濃度在過去二十年間雖有明顯下降，但仍比其他已開發或開發中國家為高。建議國內未來應建立長期性臍帶血金屬濃度監測系統，作為行政決策或研究長期污染暴露變化趨勢之基礎。
英文摘要

Objectives: In this study, a survey of background multi-element exposure levels was conducted to establish exposure norms in Taiwan through the monitoring of levels of metals in umbilical cord blood. Methods: In total, 1,526 pairs of pregnant women and newborns were recruited between May 2004 and July 2005 at different levels of medical facilities. Cord blood samples were collected by nurses after delivery and 1,407 samples were successfully analyzed for 18 metals with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: The highest concentrations were found for zinc, copper, and selenium with medians of 2,296 μg/L, 519 μg/L, and 204 μg/L, respectively. These were followed by concentrations of manganese, lead, mercury, and arsenic with medians of 47.6 μg/L, 13.2 μg/L, 9.4 μg/L, and 3.2 μg/L, respectively. The lowest levels were observed for beryllium, platinum, thallium, thorium, and uranium. Only the original selenium level and the log-transformed zinc, arsenic and mercury levels were normally distributed. Conclusions: Currently, the cord blood lead level in Taiwan is comparable to those in developed countries. However, although significantly decreased in the past two decades, cord blood mercury and cadmium levels in Taiwan are still higher than those of either developing or developed countries. In the future, a longitudinal monitoring system for cord blood metals should be established to serve as the basis for policy decisions or research on the trend of long-term exposure to pollutants.
主题分类 醫藥衛生 > 預防保健與衛生學
醫藥衛生 > 社會醫學
参考文献
  1. 劉俊宏、吳惠琤、陳保中、郭育良、黃耀輝(2009)。台灣地區新生兒臍帶血中元素濃度分佈初探。台灣衛誌，28，420-435。
    連結：
  2. Toxicological profile for lead
  3. AI-Saleh I.,Shinwari N.,Neater M.(2008).Longitudinal study of prenatal sad postnatal lead exposure sad early cognitive development in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia: a preliminary results of cord blood lead levels.Trop Pediatr,54,300-307.
  4. Alimonti A.,Petrucci F.,Lauresti F.,Papoff P.,Caroli S.(2000).Reference raises for selected trace selected in serum of term newborns from the urban area of Rome.Clin Chins Acta,292,163-173.
  5. Ammann AA.(2007).Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS): a versatile tool.J Mass Spectrom,42,419-427.
  6. Ataniyazova OA.,Baumann RA.,Liem AK.,Mukhopadhyay UA.,Vogelaar EF.,Boersma ER.(2001).Levels of certain metals, organochlorine pesticides and dioxins cord blood, mammal blood, human milk and some commonly used nutrients in the surroundings of the Aral Sea (Karakalpakstan, Republic of Uzbekistan).Acta Paediatr,90,801-808.
  7. Toxicological profile for copper
  8. Toxicological profile for zinc
  9. Toxicological profile for mercury
  10. Toxicological profile for selenium
  11. Toxicological profile for cadntium
  12. Toxicological profile for manganese
  13. Audrey S.,Takser L.,Andre M.(2002).A comparative study of manganese and lend levels in human umbilical cords and maternal blood front two urban centers exposed to different gasoline additives.Sci Total Environ,290,157-164.
  14. Awadallah SM.,Abu-Elteen KH.,Elkarmi AZ.,Qaracis SH.,Salem NM.,Mubarak MS.(2004).Maternal and cord blood serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron in healthy pregnant Jordanian women.Trace Elena Exp Med,17,1-8.
  15. Baranowska I.(1995).Lead and cadmium in human placentas and maternal and neonatal blood (in n heavily polluted area) measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Occup Environ Med,52,229-232.
  16. Bjerregaard P.,Hansen JC.(2000).Organochlorines and heavy metals in pregnant womenfrom the Disko Bay area in Greenland.Sci Total Environ,245,195-202.
  17. BjÖrnberg KA.,Vahter M.,Petersson-Grawd K.(2003).Methyl mercury and inorganic mercury in Swedish pregnant women and in cord blood: influence of fish consumption.Environ Health Perspect,111,637-641.
  18. Butler Walker J.,Houseman J.,Seddon L.(2006).Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury, laud, cadmium, and essential tract elements in Arctic Canada.Environ Res,100,295-318.
  19. Centers for Disease Control sad Prevention(2005).Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.Atlanta, GA:Department of Health and Hansen Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  20. Dennis CA.,Fehr F.(1975).The relationship between mercury levels in maternal and cord blood.Sci Total Environ,3,275-277.
  21. Fok TF.,Lam HS.,Ng PC.(2007).Fetal methylmercury exposure as measured by cord blood mercury con-centrations in a mother-infant cohort in Hong Kong.Environ Int,33,84-92.
  22. Gao Y.,Yan CH.,Tian Y.(2007).Prenatal exposure to mercury and neurobehavioral development of neonates in Zhoushan City, China.Environ Res,105,390-399.
  23. Godschalk R.,Hogervorst J.,Albering H.(2005).Interaction between cadmium and aromatic DNA adducts in hprt mutagenesis daring foetal development.Mats- genesis,20,181-185.
  24. Hall M.,Gamble M.,Slavkovich V.(2007).Determinants of arsenic metabolism: blood arsenic metabolites, plasma folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine concentrations maternal-newborn pairs.Environ Health Perspect,115,1503-1509.
  25. Hnizdo E.,Esterhuizen TM.,Rees D.,Lalloo UG.(2001).Occupational asthma as identified by the Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Diseases programme in South Africa.Clin Exp Allergy,31,32-39.
  26. Hsu CS.,Lin PL.,Chieu LC.,Chou SY.,Han BC.(2007).Mercury concentration and fish consumption inTaiwanese pregnant women.BJOG,114,81-85.
  27. Hulka BS. (eds.),Wilcosky TC. (eds.),Griffith JD. (eds.)(1990).Biological Markers in Epidemiology.New York:Oxford University Press.
  28. Hwang YH.,Ko Y Chiang CD.(2004).Transition of card blood lead level, 1985-2002, in the Taipei area and its determinants after the cease of leaded gasoline use.Environ Res,96,274-282.
  29. Iijima K.,Otake T.,Yoshinaga J.(2007).Cadmium. lead. and selenium in cord blood' and thyroid hormone status of newborns.Biol Trace Elena Res,119,10-18.
  30. Jedrychowski W.,Jankowski J.,Flak E.(2006).Effects of prenatal exposure to mercury on cognitive and psychomotor function in infants: epi-demiologic cohort study is Poland.Ass Epidemiol,16,439-447.
  31. Jedrychowski W.,Perera F.,Rauh V.(2007).Fish intake during pregnancy and mercury level in cord and maternal blood at delivery: an environmental study in Po-laud.Int J Occup Med Environ Health,20,31-37.
  32. Klaassen CD.(2001).Casarett & Doull's Toxicology-The Basic Science of Poisona.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  33. Kosanovic M.,Jokanovic M.,Jevremovic M.,Dobric S.,Bokonjic D.(2002).Maternal and fetal cadmium and selenium status in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy.Biol Trace Elem Res,89,97-103.
  34. Kosanovic M.,Jokanovic M.,Jevremovic M.,Dobric S.,Bokonjic D.(2002).Maternal and fetal cadmium and selenium stains in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy.Biol Trace Elms Res,89,97-103.
  35. Krachler M.,Rossipal E.,Micetic-Turk D.(1999).Trace element transfer from the mother so the newborn-investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera.Eur J Clin Nutr,53,486-494.
  36. Kuo YL.,Wu TN.,Liou SH.(1999).Occupational medicine in Taiwan.Int Arch Occup Environ Health,72,419-428.
  37. LaDou J.(2007).Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  38. Lanphear BP.(2007).The conquest of lead poisoning: a pyrrhic victory.Environ Health Perspect,115,484-485.
  39. Levesque B.,Duchesne JF.,Gariepy C.(2003).Monitoring of umbilical cord blood lend levels and sources assessment among the Inuit.Occup Environ Med,60,693-695.
  40. Liou SH,,Wu TN.,Chiang HC.(1996).Three-year survey of blood lead levels in 8828 Taiwanese adults.Int Arch Occup Environ Health,68,80-87.
  41. Liou SH.,Wu TN.,Chiang HC.(1996).Blood lead levels in Taiwanese adults: distribution and influenced factors.Sci Total Environ,180,211-219.
  42. Liou SH.,Wu TN.,Chiang HC.(1994).Blood lead levels in the general population of Taiwan, Republic of China.Int Arch Occup Environ Health,66,225-260.
  43. Lorenzo Alonso MJ.,Bermejo Barrera A.,Cocho de Juan JA.,Fraga Berrnudez JM.,Bermejo Barrera P.(2005).Selenium levels in related biological samples: human placenta. maternal and umbilical cord blood, hair and nails.J Trace Elena Med Biol,19,49-54.
  44. McKelvey W.,Gwynn RC.,Jeffery N.(2007).A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York City adults.Environ Health Perspect,115,1435-1441.
  45. Mokhtar G.,Hossny E.,EI-Awady M.,Zekry M.(2002).utero exposure to cadmiunt pollution in Cairo and Giza governorates of Egypt.East Mediterr Health J,8,254-260.
  46. Odland JO.,Nieboer E.,Romanova N.,Thomassen Y.,Lund E.(1998).Blood lead and cadmium and birth weight among nub-arctic and arctic populations of Norway and Russia.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,78,852-860.
  47. Ong CN.,Chia SE.,Foo SC.,Ong HY.,Tsakok M.,Liouw P.(1993).Concentrations of heavy metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood.BioMetals,6,61-66.
  48. Ong CN.,Phoon WO.,Law HY.,Tye CY.,Lim HH.(1985).Concentrations of lead in maternal blood, cord blood, and breast milk.Arch Dis Child,60,756-759.
  49. Osman K.,Akesson A.,Berglund M.(2003).Toxic and essential elements in placentas of Swedish women.Cue Biochem,33,131-138.
  50. Palkovicova L.,Ursinyova M.,Masanova V.,Yu Z.,Hertz-Picciotto I.(2008).Maternal amalgam dental fillings the source of mercury exposure in developing fetus and newborn.J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol,18,326-331.
  51. Ramon R.,,Murcia M.,Ballester F.(2008).Prenatal exposure to mercury in a prospective mother-infant cohort study in a Mediterranean area, Valencia, Spain.Sri Total Environ,392,69-78.
  52. Röllin HB.,Rudge CVC.,Thomssen Y.,Mathee A.(2009).Odland JǾ. Levels of toxic and essential metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood from selected areas South Africa-results of a pilot study.J Environ Monit,11,618-627.
  53. Sakamoto M.,Kaneoka T.,Murata K.(2007).Correlations between mercury concentrations in umbilical cord tissue and other biomarkers of fetal exposure to methylmercury in the Japanese population.Environ Res,103,106-111.
  54. Sato RL.,Li GG.,Shaha S.,Sato RL.,Li GG.,Shaha S.(2006).Antepartum seafood consumption and mercury levels in newborn cord blood.Am J Obster Gynecol,194,1683-1688.
  55. Schulpis KH.,Karskonstantakis T.,Gavrili S.(2004).Maternal-neonatal scram selenium and copper levels in Greeks and Albanians.Eur J Clin Nutr,58,1314-1318.
  56. Soong YK.,Tseng R.,Lin C.,Lie PW.(1991).Lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury levels in maternal and fetal card blood.J Formos Med Assoc,90,59-65.
  57. Soria ML.,Sanz P.,Martinez D.(1992).Total mercury and methylmercury in hair, maternal and umbilical blood, and placenta form women in the Seville area.Bull Environ Contain Toxicol,48,494-501.
  58. Srivastava S.,Mehrotra PK.,Srivantavn SP.,Tandon I.,Siddiqui MK.(2001).Blood lead and zinc in pregnant women and their offspring in intrauterine growth retardation cases.J Anal Toxicol,25,461-465.
  59. Srivastava S.,Mehrotra PR.,Srivastava SP.,Siddiqui MK.,Siddiqui MKJ.(2002).Some essential elements in maternal sad cord blood in relation to birth weight and gestational age of she baby.Biol Trace Elem Res,86,97-105.
  60. Takser L.,Lafond J.,Bouchard M.(2004).Manganese levels daring pregnancy and at birth: relation to environmental factors and smoking in a Southwest Quebec population.Environ Res,95,119-125.
  61. Takser L.,Mergler D.,Hellier G.,Sahuquillo J.,Huel G.(2003).Manganese, monoamine metabolite levels at birth, and child psychomotor development.Neurotoxicology,24,667-674.
  62. Tsuchiya H.,Mitani K.,Kodama K.,Nakata T.(1984).Placental transfer of heavy metals in normal pregnant Japanese women.Arch Environ Health,39,11-17.
  63. Unuvar E.,Ahmadov H.,Kiziler AR.(2007).Mercury Levels in cord blood nod meconium of healthy newborns and venous blood of their mothers: clinical, prospective cohort study.Sci Total Environ,374,60-70.
  64. Vahter M.,Aksson A.,Lind B.,Björs U.,Schütz A.,Berglund M.(2000).Longitudinal study of methyl Imercury and inorganic mercury in blood and urine of pregnant and lactating women, as well as in umbilical cord Blood.Environ Res,84,186-194.
  65. Vigeh M.,Yokoyama K.,Ramezanzadeh F.(2006).Lead sad other trace metals in preeclampsia: a case-control study in Tehran, Iran.Environ Ret,100,268-275.
  66. Wang C.,Huang L.,Zhon X.(2004).Blood lead levels of both mothers and their newborn infants in the middle part of Chins.Hyg Environ Health,207,431-436.
  67. Wu TN.,Lion SH.,Shen CY.(1998).Surveillance of noise-induced hearing loss in Taiwan, ROC: a report of the PRESS-NIHL results.Prev Med,27,65-69.
  68. Wu TN.,Liou SH.,Wang JD.(1996).Establishment of a work-related diseases surveillance system in Taiwan, Republic of China.Prev Med,25,725-729.
  69. Wu TN.,Shen CY.,Liou SH.(1998).Reducing lead exposure by surveillance system: the Taiwan experience.Arch Environ Health,53,75-78.
  70. Wu TN.,Shen CY.,Yang GY.(1995).Establishment of an occupational diseases surveillance system to monitor blood lead levels in Taiwan.Prey Med,24,85-88.
  71. Zhang Y.,Zhao Y.,Wang J.(2004).Effects of zinc, copper, and selenium on placental cadmium transport.Biol Trace Elem Res,102,39-49.
  72. Ziaee H.,Daniel J.,Datta AK.,Blunt S.,McMinn DJ.(2007).Transplacental transfer of cobalt and chromlum in patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty: a con- trotted study.J Boon Joint Surg Br,89,301-305.
  73. 亓允文、陳順隆、楊末雄、黃若屈、朱夢麟(1993)。八寶牛黃散重金屬含量調查與研究。中華民國小兒科學會雜誌，34，181-190。
  74. 行政院衛生署(2009)。內政統計通報98年第22週。台北:行政院內政署。
  75. 行政院衛生署疾病管制局(2009)。愛滋母子垂直感染防治政策自94年1月1日執行。台北:行政院衛生署疾病管制局。
  76. 廢物品及容器稽核認證回收量統計表
被引用次数
  1. 黃耀輝、林宜萱、林佳玉、王怡人(2012)。2011年台灣地區幼稚園兒童血中鉛濃度與影響因素初探分析。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，31(3)，285-298。
print cancel