台灣鄉鎮市區因子對青少女生育率的影響

Effects of township-level Characteristics on Teenage Birth Rates in Taiwan

10.6288/TJPH2009-28-06-04

洪瑋薇(Wei-Wei Hung)；莊坤洋(Kun-Yang Chuang)；莊媖智(Ying-Chih Chuang)

青少女生育率 ； 鄉鎮市區因子 ； 時間遲滯 ； Teenage birth rate ； township-level characteristics ； time-lagged model

台灣公共衛生雜誌

28卷6期（2009 / 12 / 01）

491 - 502

繁體中文

目標：主要探討台灣地區從1980年開始到2005年為止，359個鄉鎮市區因子和鄉鎮層次青少女生育率的相關性，及鄉鎮市區因子可否預測五年及十年後的青少女生育率。方法：資料來源為台閩地區人口統計、縣市要覽以及戶口及住宅普查資料。樣本為台灣地區359個鄉鎮市區，從1980年到2005年，每五年抽樣一次，共計2,154個樣本。分析方法使用雙變項分析、重複測量的混合模型(Mixed Model)分析以及時間遲滯模式(Time-lagged Model)。本研究的區域因子包含人口組成（人口密度、原住民人口百分比、65歲以上人口百分比和離婚率）、社經地位（高等教育人口百分比）、社會醫療福利服務（每萬人口醫師數和社會福利支出）以及其他因素（遷徙率）。結果：在同年模式中，人口密度越低、每萬人口醫師數越低、高等教育人口百分比越低、65歲以上人口百分比越高、原住民人口百分比越高的地區，青少女生育率是越高的。區域因子影響青少女生育率也有出現時間遲滯的情形，也就是說，在控制了當年青少女生育率後，區域的人口密度、65歲以上人口百分比、原住民人口百分比、高等教育人口百分比這四個變項，可穩定預測五年及十年後的青少女生育率；而區域的離婚率則是要經一段時間才能影響青少女生育率，以十年的效果最大，離婚率愈高，青少女生育率愈高；遷徙率只有在五年及十年時間遲滯模式中有達到顯著，遷徙率愈高則青少女生育率愈高。結論：影響青少女生育率的因子，以社會結構層面因子較為明顯，像是人口密度、65歲以上人口百分比、原住民人口百分比、高等教育人口百分這四個區域因子，都跟當年的青少女生育率有關，也可穩定預測五年後及十年後的青少女生育率。未來政策制訂者應該要看每個影響因子背後所帶有的意義，也應該要努力去達到地區平均發展機會。

Objectives: This study examined the relationship between township-level factors and teenage birth rates from 1980 to 2005 in 359 townships in Taiwan. We also examined whether township-level factors were associated with five-year and ten-year teenage birth rates. Methods: The data came from Taiwan Demography, The City and County Statistics, and Census. The study used repeated measures of township-level characteristics every 5 years from 1980 to 2005 (N=2154). We conducted bivariate analyses and used mixed models with repeated measurements and time-lagged models to analyze the data. The variables included population composition (population density, the percentage of aborigines, the percentage of people over 65 years old, and divorce rates), socioeconomic status (the percentage of people with college degrees), medical and social services (the number of physicians per 10,000 people and social welfare spending), and other factors (residential mobility). Results: In the contemporary model, population density, the percentage of physicians, and the percentage of college educated people were negatively associated with teenage birth rates, whereas the percentage of elderly and the percentage of aborigines were positively associated with teenage birth rates. In the time-lagged models, after controlling for current teenage birth rates, population density, the percentage of college educated people, the percentage of elderly, and the percentage of aborigines were associated with five-year and ten-year teenage birth rates. The relationship between the percentage of divorced people and teenage birth rates was strongest in the 10-year model. Residential mobility was not significant in the contemporary model, but was significant in the 5-year and 10-year models in which higher residential mobility predicts higher teenage birth rates. Conclusions: These findings suggest that township-level social structural characteristics have more significant effects on teenage birth rates than do other township-level characteristics. Population density, the percentage of elderly, the percentage of aborigines, and the percentage of college educated people were associated with teenage birth rates in the contemporary model, the 5-year model, and the 10-year model. Future policy should focus on examination of the theoretical meaning of each township factor and improvement in regional equity as well as fulfillment of regional needs.

1. 李燕鳴、張慈桂、王培東(2006)。台灣東部地區青少女孕產婦之家庭特性。台灣家醫誌，16，100-111。
   連結：
2. 張慈桂、李燕鳴(2005)。花蓮地區青少女懷孕之家庭因素探討。台灣衛誌，24，411-419。
   連結：
3. Bennett NG,Bloom DE,Miller CK.(1995).The influence of nonmarital childbearing on the formation of first marriages.Demography,32,47-62.
4. Botting B,Rosato M,Wood R.(1998).Teenage mothers and the health of their children.Popul Trends,93,19-28.
5. Brewster KL.(1994).Race differences in sexual activity among adolescent women: the role of neighborhood characteristics.Am Sociol Rev,59,408-424.
6. Brewster KL,Billy JOG,Grady WR.(1993).Social context and adolescent behavior: the impact of community on the transition to sexual activity.Soc Forces,71,713-740.
7. Chen XK,Wen SW,Fleming N,Demissie K,Rhoads GG,Walker M.(2007).Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population based retrospective cohort study.Int J Epidemiol,36,368-373.
8. Coory M.(2000).Trends in birth rates for teenagers in Queensland, 1988 to 1997: an analysis by economic disadvantage and geographic remoteness.Aust NZ J Public Health,24,316-319.
9. Cubbin C,Santelli J,Brindis CD,Braveman P.(2005).Neighborhood context and sexual behaviors among adolescents: findings from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health.Perspect Sex Reprod Health,37,125-134.
10. Fraser AM,Brockert JE,Ward RH.(1995).Association of young maternal age with adverse reproductive outcomes.N Engl J Med,332,1113-1117.
11. Haldre K,Rahu K,Karro H,Rahu M.(2007).Is a poor pregnancy outcome related to young maternal age? A study of teenagers in Estonia during the period of major socio-economic changes (from 1992 to 2002).Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,131,45-51.
12. Hogan DP,Kitagawa EM.(1985).The impact of social status, family structure, and neighborhood on the fertility of black adolescents (USA).Am J Sociol,90,825-855.
13. Kirby D,Coyle K,Gould JB.(2001).Manifestations of poverty and birthrates among young teenagers in California zip code areas.Fam Plann Perspect,33,63-69.
14. Kmietowicz Z.(2002).US and UK are top in teenage pregnancy rates.BMJ,324,1354.
15. Lee MC,Suhng LA,Lu TH,Chou MC.(1998).Association of parental characteristics with adverse outcomes of adolescent pregnancy.Fam Pract,15,336-342.
16. Li YT,Yin CS,Chan CC.(1999).Psychosocial risk factors of teenage pregnancy in eastern Taiwan.Chin Med J,62,425-430.
17. Miller BC,Benson B,Galbraith KA.(2001).Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: a research synthesis.Dev Rev,21,1-38.
18. Pickett KE,Pearl M.(2001).Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review.J Epidemiol Community Health,55,111-122.
19. Robbins C,Kaplan HB,Martin SS.(1985).Antecedents of pregnancy among unmarried adolescents.J Marriage Fam,43,339-348.
20. Sampson RJ,Raudenbush SW,Earls F.(1997).Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy.Science,277,918-924.
21. Shaw CR,Mckay HD.(1969).Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of Rates of Delinquency in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
22. Snyder AR,McLaughlin DK.(2004).Female-headed families and poverty in rural America.Rural Sociol,69,127-149.
23. South SJ,Baumer EP.(2000).Deciphering community and race effects on adolescent premarital childbearing.Soc Forces,78,1379-407.
24. Sucoff C,Upchurch D,Aneshensel C.(1999).Neighborhood influences on parent-child relations: implications for adolescent health.J Adolesc Health,24,113.
25. Tsai TS,Chen JY,Lee MC.(2001).Reproductive outcomes and infant health in adolescent pregnancy in Taichung city.Acta Paediatr Taiwan,42,151-157.
26. Winkelstein Jr W.(1972).Epidemiological considerations underlying the allocation of health and disease care resources.Int J Epidemiol,1,69-74.
27. 統計資訊
28. 行政院內政部(2005)。台閩地區人口統計。台北:行政院內政部。
29. 行政院內政部(2000)。台閩地區人口統計。台北:行政院內政部。

1. 賴進貴、紀玉臨、周孟嫻(2012)。臺灣區域所得探索式時空動態分析，1999-2008年。地理學報，67，1-30。