Family context during adolescence and sleep behavior during young adulthood: the role of leaving home transition

青少年時期家庭脈絡與成年初期睡眠行為：離家過渡的角色

10.6288/TJPH.202112_40(6).110097

吳孟軒(MENG-HSUAN WU)；林文旭(WEN-HSU LIN)；喬芷(CHI CHIAO)

sleep behavior ； family context ； leaving home transition ； longitudinal study ； 睡眠行為 ； 家庭脈絡 ； 離家過度 ； 縱向研究

台灣公共衛生雜誌

40卷6期（2021 / 12 / 24）

680 - 698

英文

Objectives: This study seeks to delineate the effects of family context during adolescence, namely family structure, parent-child relationship, and parental monitoring, and their longitudinal associations with sleep behaviors during young adulthood, with a focus on a possible moderating effect of leaving home transition. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Taiwan Youth Project (TYP) (N=2,123, and consisted of a two-cohort sample from 12th grade at school up to an age of around 20 years, these cohorts consisted of a 7th-grade one from 2005 to 2007 and a 9th-grade one from 2003 to 2004). Sleep duration (short, recommended [7h-9h], and long) was analyzed by multinomial logistic regression, while insomnia symptoms were analyzed by negative binomial regression. Results: Youth living in a one-parent family during adolescence had an increased risk of long sleep duration during young adulthood (Relative Risk Ratio [RRR] 1.52, 95% CI 1.02- 2.25); whereas those with a more positive relationship with parents, or receiving more parental monitoring, were less likely to experience short sleep duration (RRR 0.75 95% CI 0.61-0.92; RRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.97). Moreover, youth with a more positive parent-child relationship were also found to be at lower risk of insomnia symptoms (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98). Furthermore, when the sample was restricted to those who had left home during young adulthood, the effects of a positive parent-child relationship and parental monitoring remain significant and had the same effect on the various sleep behaviors. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the importance of family context and its longitudinal association with sleep behaviors. To prevent an unrecommended sleep duration and the development of insomnia symptoms during young adulthood, early intervention that targets parent-child relationships and parental monitoring are suggested as a priority.

目標：本研究旨以縱向視野探索青少年時期家庭脈絡（包括，家庭結構、親子關係、父母監管）與成年初期睡眠行為間之關聯，及離家過渡在這之間的潛在調節機制．方法：納入台灣青少年成長歷程研究（簡稱TYP）中完整參與高二至大二時期之受訪者（N=2,123，共兩世代：2005年至2007年的國一世代和2003年至2004年的國三世代），並以多元邏輯斯迴歸分析睡眠時間（短、建議〔7h－9h〕、長）；負二項迴歸分析失眠症狀（三種症狀加總）。結果：青少年時期生於單親家庭者，其成年初期有較高可能睡眠時間相對長（相對風險比［Relative Risk Ratio］RRR 1.52，95%CI 1.02－2.25）；與父母關係較佳或受父母較多監管者，日後則較低可能睡眠時間相對短（RRR 0.75，95%CI 0.61－0.92；RRR 0.91，95%CI 0.85－0.97）。此外，親子關係較佳者，日後失眠症狀風險也相對低（發生率比［Incidence Rate Ratio］IRR 0.90，95%CI 0.83－0.98）。進一步探究於成年初期離家者，可見親子關係和父母監管與睡眠行為仍存顯著相關。結論：青少年時期所處家庭脈絡與成年初期睡眠行為間存在縱向關聯．為預防後續出現不建議睡眠時數和失眠症狀，青少年時期親子關係和父母監管為建議優先介入措施。

1. Alvarez, EC,Kawachi, I,Romani, JR(2017).Family social capital and health -- a systematic review and redirection.Sociol Health Illn,39,5-29.
2. American Psychiatric Association(2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Arlington, VA:American Psychiatric Association.
3. Arnett, JJ(2000).Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.Am Psychol,55,469-480.
4. Berzonsky, MD,Cieciuch, J(2014).Mediational role of identity commitment in relationships between identity processing style and psychological well-being.J Happiness Stud,17,145-162.
5. Bruce, ES,Lunt, L,McDonagh, JE(2017).Sleep in adolescents and young adults.Clin Med,17,424-428.
6. Buckley, TM,Schatzberg, AF(2005).On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders.J Clin Endocrinol Metab,90,3106-3114.
7. Chang, LY,Wu, CC,Yen, LL,Chang, HY(2019).The effects of family dysfunction trajectories during childhood and early adolescence on sleep quality during late adolescence: resilience as a mediator.Soc Sci Med,222,162-170.
8. Chiao, C,Chen, YH,Yi, CC(2019).Loneliness in young adulthood: its intersecting forms and its association with psychological well-being and family characteristics in Northern Taiwan.PLoS One,14,e0217777.
9. Coleman, JS(1988).Social capital in the creation of human capital.Am J Sociol,94,S95-S120.
10. Continente, X,Pérez, A,Espelt, A,López, MJ(2017).Media devices, family relationships and sleep patterns among adolescents in an urban area.Sleep Med,32,28-35.
11. Cummings, EM,Davies, P(1996).Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology.Dev Psychopathol,8,123-139.
12. Derogatis, LR,Unger, R.(2010).Symptom Checklist90-Revised.The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology,Hoboken, NJ:
13. Dissing, AS,Dich, N,Andersen, AM,Lund, R,Rod, NH(2017).Parental break-ups and stress: roles of age & family structure in 44,509 pre-adolescent children.Eur J Public Health,27,829-834.
14. Elder, GH., Jr(1998).The life course as developmental theory.Child Dev,69,1-12.
15. Erikson, EH(1968).Identity: Youth and Crisis.New York, NY:W.W. Norton.
16. Grandner, MA(2017).Sleep, health, and society.Sleep Med Clin,12,1-22.
17. Hardin, JW,Hilbe, JM(2014).Regression models for count data based on the negative binomial(p) distribution.Stata J,14,280-291.
18. Hikichi, H,Tsuboya, T,Aida, J(2017).Social capital and cognitive decline in the aftermath of a natural disaster: a natural experiment from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.Lancet Planet Health,1,e105-e113.
19. Hirshkowitz, M,Whiton, K,Albert, SM(2015).National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary.Sleep Health,1,40-43.
20. Inguglia, C,Costa, S,Ingoglia, S,Cuzzocrea, F,Liga, F(2020).The role of parental control and coping strategies on adolescents’ problem behaviors.Curr Psychol,1-14.
21. Jakobsson, M,Josefsson, K,Jutengren, G,Sandsjö, L,Högberg, K(2019).Sleep duration and sleeping difficulties among adolescents: exploring associations with school stress, self-perception and technology use.Scand J Caring Sci,33,197-206.
22. Kawachi, I,Berkman, LF.(2014).Social Capital, Social Cohesion, and Health.Social Epidemiology,New York, NY:
23. Kayaba, M,Matsushita, T,Enomoto, M(2020).Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life: a cross-sectional study involving Japanese university students.BMC Public Health,20,371.
24. Kim, J,Noh, JW,Kim, A,Kwon, YD(2020).Demographic and socioeconomic influences on sleep patterns among adolescent students.Int J Environ Res Public Health,17,4378.
25. Li, D,Bao, Z,Li, X,Wang, Y(2016).Perceived school climate and Chinese adolescents’ suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: the mediating role of sleep quality.J Sch Health,86,75-83.
26. Li, L,Lok, KI,Mei, SL(2019).Sleep duration and selfrated health in Chinese university students.Sleep Breath,23,1351-1356.
27. Li, X,Buxton, OM,Kim, Y,Haneuse, S,Kawachi, I(2019).Do procrastinators get worse sleep? Crosssectional study of US adolescents and young adults.SSM Popul Health,10,100518.
28. Li, X,Kawachi, I,Buxton, OM,Haneuse, S,Onnela, JP(2019).Social network analysis of group position, popularity, and sleep behaviors among US adolescents.Soc Sci Med,232,417-426.
29. Littlewood, DL,Gooding, P,Kyle, SD,Pratt, D,Peters, S(2016).Understanding the role of sleep in suicide risk: qualitative interview study.BMJ Open,6,e012113.
30. Liu, S,Wing, YK,Hao, Y,Li, W,Zhang, J,Zhang, B(2019).The associations of long-time mobile phone use with sleep disturbances and mental distress in technical college students: a prospective cohort study.Sleep,42,1-10.
31. Mamun, AA,Scott, J,Najman, JM,Williams, GM,Alati, R,Fatima, Y(2020).Generational changes in young adults’ sleep duration: a prospective analysis of mother-offspring dyads.Sleep Health,6,240-245.
32. Maume, DJ.(2013).Social ties and adolescent sleep disruption.J Health Soc Behav,54,498-515.
33. McArdle, N,Ward, SV,Bucks, RS(2020).The prevalence of common sleep disorders in young adults: a descriptive population-based study.Sleep,43,zsaa072.
34. Meltzer, LJ,Montgomery, Downs, HE(2011).Sleep in the family.Pediatr Clin,58,765-774.
35. Nguyen-Rodriguez, ST,Lisha, NE,Spruijt-Metz, D,Sun, P,Rohrbach, LA,Sussman, S(2015).Coping mediates the effects of depressive symptoms on sleep problems.Am J Health Behav,39,183-190.
36. Owens, J(2014).Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: an update on causes and consequences.Pediatrics,134,e921-e932.
37. Robbins, R,Jean-Louis, G,Gallagher, RA(2019).Examining social capital in relation to sleep duration, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness.Sleep Med,60,165-172.
38. Saunders, JA,Morrow-Howell, N,Spitznagel, E,Doré, P,Proctor, EK,Pescarino, R(2006).Imputing missing data: a comparison of methods for social work researchers.Soc Work Res,30,19-31.
39. Schmeer, KK,Tarrence, J,Browning, CR,Calder, CA,Ford, JL,Boettner, B(2019).Family contexts and sleep during adolescence.SSM Popul Health,7,004-004.
40. Schwartz, SJ,Côté, JE,Arnett, JJ(2005).Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: two developmental routes in the individualization process.Youth Soc,37,201-229.
41. Seiffe-Krenke, I(2006).Leaving home or still in the nest? Parent-child relationships and psychological health as predictors of different leaving home patterns.Dev Psychol,42,864-876.
42. Sivertsen, B,Vedaa, Ø,Harvey, AG(2019).Sleep patterns and insomnia in young adults: a national survey of Norwegian university students.J Sleep Res,28,e12790.
43. Steptoe, A,Peacey, V,Wardle, J(2006).Sleep duration and health in young adults.Arch Intern Med,166,1689-1692.
44. Troxel, WM,Lee, L,Hall, M,Matthews, KA(2014).Singleparent family structure and sleep problems in black and white adolescents.Sleep Med,15,255-261.
45. Whiteman, SD,McHale, SM,Crouter, AC(2011).Family relationships from adolescence to early adulthood: changes in the family system following firstborns’ leaving home.J Res Adolesc,21,461-474.
46. Williams R. Models for count outcomes. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/stats3/CountModels.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2021.
47. Win, T,Yamazaki, T,Kanda, K,Tajima, K,Sokejima, S(2018).Neighborhood social capital and sleep duration: a population based cross-sectional study in a rural Japanese town.BMC Public Health,18,343.
48. Yi CC, Wu CI. Teen life around the world: introduction to teen life in Taiwan. Available at: https://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/people/personal/chinyi/TeenLifeInTaiwan.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2021.
49. Yi, CC,Wu, CI,Chang, YH,Chang, MY(2009).The psychological well-being of Taiwanese youth: school versus family context from early to late adolescence.Int Sociol,24,397-429.
50. Zapata Roblyer, MI,Grzywacz, JG(2015).Demographic and parenting correlates of adolescent sleep functioning.J Child Fam Stud,24,3331-3340.