Market Structure and Performance: Perspective from Network Analysis of Industry Structure

市場結構與績效－以產業結構之網絡分析觀點

10.6160/2013.03.03

施信佑(Hsin-Yu Shih)

產業結構 ； 競爭作用力模型 ； 社會網絡分析 ； 侷限 ； 績效 ； Industry structure ； Competitive forces model ； Social network analysis ； Constraint ； Performance

中山管理評論

21卷1期（2013 / 03 / 01）

85 - 121

英文

本研究提出一個量化模型來衡量影響產業獲利程度的四種競爭作用力，即運用競爭者侷限來衡量現有競爭者之間的競爭態勢、藉由供應商侷限來衡量供應商議價能力、利用客戶侷限來衡量客戶議價能力、最後採用結構同位侷限來衡量潛在競爭者與替代品的威脅。接著以台灣產業結構作為實證資料來源，加以驗證此量化模型之可行性。實證結果顯示這四種競爭作用力對於產業的獲利程度具有顯著影響，換言之，本研究所提出之量化模型，可以用來衡量競爭作用力並且比較他們之間的大小，以及評估各個競爭作用力對產業績效的影響程度。實證結果發現，影響台灣製造產業績效的競爭作用力強度大小依序為結構同位侷限、競爭者侷限、客戶侷限、供應商侷限。

This study proposes a quantitative methodology for measuring the four competitive forces which affect industry profitability. More precisely, the proposed model uses the competitor constraint to measure rivalry among existing competitors, the supplier constraint to measure bargaining power of suppliers, the buyer constraint to measure bargaining power of buyers, and the structural equivalence constraint to measure threats of new entrants and substitutes. Then, this study empirically examines a sample of industry structures taken from Taiwan. The analytical results show that the four competitive forces indeed have statistically significant influences on industry profitability. Particularly, the model can quantitatively measure and compare the strength of the competitive forces that drive competition within industries, and estimate the impact of these forces on industry performance. The empirical results show that the sequence of the strength of the competitive forces that govern industry performance in Taiwanese manufacturing sectors is structural equivalence constraint, competitor constraint, buyer constraint, and supplier constraint.

1. Lahti, A., 2006, “The new industrial organization economics of growth firms in small countries like Finland.” Working paper, Helsinki School of Economics
2. Directorate-General of Budget, 2003, 2001 Industry, and Commerce and Service Census Taiwan-Fukien Area, the Republic of China, 1st, Taipei, TW: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics
3. Directorate-General of Budget, 2004, 2001 Input-Output Tables, Taiwan Area, the Republic of China, 1st, Taipei, TW: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics
4. Aktouf, O.,Chenoufi, M.,Holford, W. D.(2005).The false expectations of Michael Porter's strategic management framework.Problems and Perspectives in Management,4(1),181-200.
5. Azen, R.,Budescu, D. V.(2003).The dominance analysis approach for comparing predictors in multiple regression.Psychological Methods,8(2),129-148.
6. Bain, J. S.(1951).Relation of profit rate to industry concentration: American manufacturing, 1936-1940.Quarterly Journal of Economics,65(3),293-324.
7. Bain, J. S.(1956).Barriers to New Competition.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
8. Bartlett, C. A.,Sumantra, G.(2002).Strategic advantage.Executive Excellence,19(7),7-8.
9. Brandenburger, A.(2002).Porter's added values: High indeed!.Academy of Management Executive,16(2),58-60.
10. Budescu, D. V.(1993).Dominance analysis: A new approach to the problem of relative importance of predictors in multiple regression.Psychological Bulletin,114(3),542-551.
11. Burt, R. S.(1989).Another look at the network boundaries of American markets.American Journal of Sociology,95(3),723-753.
12. Burt, R. S.(1988).The stability of American markets.American Journal of Sociology,94(2),356-395.
13. Burt, R. S.(1992).Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
14. Burt, R. S.(1987).Social contagion and innovation: cohesion versus structural equivalence.The American Journal of Sociology,92(6),1287-1335.
15. Burt, R. S.(1982).Toward a Structural Theory of Action.New York:Academic Press.
16. Burt, R. S.(1983).Corporate Profits and Cooptation.New York:Academic Press.
17. Carrington, P. J.(ed.),Scott, J.(ed.),Wasserman, S.(ed.)(2005).Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis.New York:Cambridge University Press.
18. Collins, N. R.,Preston, L. E.(1969).Price-cost margins and industry structure.Review of Economics and Statistics,51(3),271-286.
19. Cook, K. S.,Emerson, R. M.(1978).Power, equity and commitment in exchange networks.American Sociological Review,43(7),712-739.
20. Cook, K. S.,Emerson, R. M.,Gillmore, M. R.,Yamagishi, T.(1983).The distribution of power in exchange networks: theory and experimental results.American Journal of Sociology,89(2),275-305.
21. Degenne, A.,Forse, M.(1999).Introducing Social Networks.London:Sage Publications.
22. Freeman, L. C.(1979).Centrality in social network: conceptual clarification.Social Networks,1(3),215-239.
23. Freeman, L. C.(1980).The gatekeeper, pair-dependency, and structural centrality.Quality and Quantity,14(4),585-592.
24. Friedkin, N.(1984).Structural cohesion and equivalence explanations of social homogeneity.Sociological Methods and Research,12(3),235-261.
25. Granovetter, M. S.(1973).The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
26. Ingram, P(ed.),Silverman, B.(ed.)(2002).Advances in Strategic Management.New York:Elsevier.
27. Kadiyali, V.,Sudhir, K.,Rao, V.(2001).Structural analysis of competitive behavior: New empirical industrial organization methods in marketing.International Journal of Research in Marketing,18(1-2),161-186.
28. Klein, J.(2001).A critique of competitive advantage.The Proceedings of the Critical Management Studies Conference,Manchester, England:
29. Lorrain, F.,White, H.(1971).Structural equivalence of individuals in social networks.Journal of Mathematical Sociology,1(1),49-80.
30. Mizruchi, M.(1993).Cohesion, equivalence, and similarity of behavior: a theoretical and empirical assessment.Social Networks,15(3),275-307.
31. Porter, M.(1980).Competitive Strategy.New York:The Free Press.
32. Porter, M.(1979).How competitive forces shape strategy.Harvard Business Review,57(2),137-145.
33. Prahalad, C. K.,Hamel, G(1990).The Core Competence of the Corporate.Harvard Business Review,68(3),79-91.
34. Raider, H. J.(1998).Market structure and innovation.Social Science Research,27(1),1-21.
35. Sorensen, O. J.(1994).Competitive Advantage of Firms and Nations.Aalborg, DK:Aalborg University Press.
36. Stalk, G.,Evans, P.,Schulman, L. E.(1992).Competing on Capabilities: The new rules of corporate strategy.Harvard Business Review,70(2),57-69.
37. Stephenson, K.,Zelen, M.(1989).Rethinking centrality: Methods and applications.Social Networks,11(1),1-37.
38. Su, K. H.(1997).Market autonomy and performance-a network analysis of industry market structure in Taiwan.Sun Yat-Sen Management Review,5(2),315-338.
39. Sutton, R. I.(ed.),Staw, B. M.(ed.)(2000).Research in Organization Behavior.Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
40. Talmud, I.(1994).Relations and profits: the social organization of Israeli industrial competition.Social Science Research,23(2),109-135.
41. Wasserman, S.,Faust, K.(1994).Social Network Analysis: Methods and Application.Cambridge, MA:Cambridge University Press.
42. Winship, C.(1988).Thoughts about roles and relations: An old document revisited.Social Networks,10(3),209-231.
43. Yasuda, Y(2005).Social Organization and Performance Inequality in Japanese and American Markets.Tokyo:Manufacturing Management Research Center.
44. Ziegler, R.(1982).Market Structure and Cooptation.Munich, DE:University of Munich.