题名

政府基於協力網絡的平台型新興傳染疾病生態系統模式－以COVID-19為例

并列篇名

Government as a Collaborative Network-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Platform Ecosystem: Lessons from COVID-19

DOI

10.6160/SYSMR.202306_31(2).0001

作者

林君憶(Chun-Yi Lin)；洪為璽(Wei-Hsi Hung)；季延平(Yan-Ping Chi)

关键词

COVID-19 ； 平台生態系統 ； 協力式緊急事件管理網絡 ； 周邊視野 ； 案例推理 ； COVID-19 ； Platform Ecosystems ； Collaborative Emergency Management Networks ； Peripheral Vision ； Case-Based Reasoning

期刊名称

中山管理評論

卷期/出版年月

31卷2期（2023 / 06 / 01）

页次

213 - 282

内容语文

繁體中文;英文
中文摘要

現有研究強調資訊科技對政府管理新興傳染疾病緊急事件的重要性，但對於政府如何運用資訊科技建立新興傳染疾病的協力式緊急事件管理網絡以整合關鍵跨域活動和複雜的實體尚缺乏實證研究。本文採用紮根理論法對政府建立基於協力網絡的平台型新興傳染疾病生態系統模式進行初步探索，運用各國政府對COVID-19緊急事件管理進行實證分析，將抽象的情境具體化。本文研究結果表明，平台模式透過結合理論適配和資訊科技，有助於政府管理疫情爆發的不同階段與減災、整備、應變、復原的功能所產生的協力網絡和關鍵跨域活動：新興傳染疾病共享的風險評估和疫情監測、發展溝通和全民參與、協力網絡和業務整合，從而改善政府今後新興傳染疾病緊急事件管理的成效。
英文摘要

This paper aimed to use information technology to construct a collaborative network-based platform ecosystem model on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). This model integrates key boundary-spanning activities and entities of a complex nature. Few empirical studies have explored how governments leverage information technology to realize such a model. The paper adopted the method of grounded theory in an initial exploration of such a model; specifically, data on the response of national governments to COVID-19 were analyzed, and abstractions of social interactions in EIDs were concretized and empirically investigated. Results from the adoption of a coding paradigm revealed that the EID platform model, where theory fit is combined with the use of information technology, helps governments manage collaborative networks and key boundary-spanning activities. Specifically, the platform allowed for the sharing of EID risk assessment and epidemic surveillance data, communication regarding EID developments and engagement with the community, the realization of an EID collaborative network and integration with business. Through this system, government authorities respond to EID outbreaks in different phases with the four functions of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery in the model. This network helps governments strengthen their response to EIDs in emergencies.
主题分类 社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. Aamodt, A.,Plaza, E(1994).Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues Methodological Variations, and System Approaches.AI Communications,7(1),39-59.
  2. Accenture, 2018a, “Government as a Platform: Coming Soon to a Government near You,” https://www.accenture.com/t20180216t062455z__w__/no-en/_acnmedia/pdf-71/accenture-gaap-norway-pov.pdf, accessed on March 10, 2021.
  3. Accenture, 2018b, “Government as a Platform: 2018 GaaP Readiness Index,” https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-83/Accenture-GaaP-2018-Readiness-Index.pdf, accessed on March 10, 2021.
  4. Adner, R.(2012).The Wide Lens: A New Strategy for Innovation.New York, NY:Portfolio.
  5. Adner, R.,Kapoor, R.(2010).Value Creation in Innovation Ecosystems: How the Structure of Technological Interdependence Affects Firm Performance in New Technology Generations.Strategic Management Journal,31(3),306-333.
  6. Agranoff, R.,McGuire, M.(2003).Collaborative Public Management: New Strategies for Local Governments.Washington, D.C.:Georgetown University Press.
  7. Al-Dahash, H.,Thayaparan, M.,Kulatunga, U.(2016).Understanding the Terminologies: Disasters, Crisis and Emergency.Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ARCOM Conference,Manchester, UK:
  8. Alexander, D. E., 2018, “The Egg Hypothesis,” http://emergency-planning.blogspot.com/2018/07/the-egg-hypothesis.html, accessed on August 29, 2020.
  9. Alexander, D. E.(2002).Principles of Emergency Planning and Management.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
  10. Anholt, R. M.,Stephen, C.,Copes, R.(2012).Strategies for Collaboration in the Interdisciplinary Field of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases.Zoonoses and Public Health,59(4),229-240.
  11. Ansell, C,Gash, A.(2008).Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,18(4),543-571.
  12. Armstrong, M.,Wright, J.(2007).Two-Sided Markets, Competitive Bottlenecks and Exclusive Contracts.Economic Theory,32(2),353-380.
  13. Baird, M. E., 2010, “The “Phases” of Emergency Management: Background Paper,” https://www.memphis.edu/ifti/pdfs/cait_phases_of_emergency_mngt.pdf, accessed on August 29, 2020.
  14. Barua, A.,Konana, P.,Whinston, A. B.,Yin, F.(2004).An Empirical Investigation of Net-Enabled Business Value.MIS Quarterly,28(4),585-620.
  15. Baum, J. A. C.(ed.)(2002).The Blackwell Companion to Organizations.Oxford, UK:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  16. Bearfield, D. A.(ed.),Dubnick, M. J.(ed.)(2015).Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy.Boca Raton, FL:Routledge.
  17. Bennett, N.,Lemoine, G. J.(2014).What VUCA Really Means for You.Harvard Business Review,92(1-2),27.
  18. Bergmann, R.,Kolodner, J.,Plaza, E.(2005).Representation in Case-Based Reasoning.The Knowledge Engineering Review,20(3),209-213.
  19. Bharosa, N.,Janssen, M.,Tan, Y. H.(2011).A Research Agenda for Information Quality Assurance in Public Safety Networks: Information Orchestration as the Middle Ground between Hierarchical and Netcentric Approaches.Cognition, Technology & Work,13(3),203-216.
  20. Birks, D. F.,Fernandez, W.,Levina, N.,Nasirin, S.(2013).Grounded Theory Method in Information Systems Research: Its Nature, Diversity and Opportunities.European Journal of Information Systems,22(1),1-8.
  21. Birks, M.,Mills, J.(2015).Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide.London, UK:SAGE Publications.
  22. Bloom, D. E.,Cadarette, D.(2019).Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response.Frontiers in Immunology,10,549.
  23. Bonina, C.,Eaton, B.(2020).Cultivating Open Government Data Platform Ecosystems through Governance: Lessons from Buenos Aires, Mexico City and Montevideo.Government Information Quarterly,37(3),101479.
  24. Brown, A.,Fishenden, J.,Thompson, M.,Venters, W.(2017).Appraising the Impact and Role of Platform Models and Government as a Platform (GaaP) in UK Government Public Service Reform: Towards a Platform Assessment Framework (PAF).Government Information Quarterly,34(2),167-182.
  25. Brownstein, J. S.,Freifeld, C. C.,Chan, E. H.,Keller, M.,Sonricker, A. L.,Mekaru, S. R.,Buckeridge, D. L.(2010).Information Technology and Global Surveillance of Cases of 2009 H1N1 Influenza.The New England Journal of Medicine,362(18),1731-1735.
  26. Brynielsson, J.,Granåsen, M.,Lindquist, S.,Quijano, M. N.,Nilsson, S.,Trnka, J.(2018).Informing Crisis Alerts Using Social Media: Best Practices and Proof of Concept.Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,26(1),28-40.
  27. Burkle, F. M., Jr.(2019).Challenges of Global Public Health Emergencies: Development of a Health-Crisis Management Framework.The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine,249(1),33-41.
  28. Burt, R. S.(1992).Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention=CDC(2014).Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication 2014 Edition.Atlanta, GA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  30. Charmaz, K.(2006).Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis.Los Angeles:SAGE Publications.
  31. Charmaz, K.,Thornberg, R.(2020).The Pursuit of Quality in Grounded Theory.Qualitative Research in Psychology,1-23.
  32. Chen, C. M.,Jyan, H. W.,Chien, S. C.,Jen, H. H.,Hsu, C. Y.,Lee, P. C.,Lee, C. F.,Yang, Y. T.,Chen, M. Y.,Chen, L. S.,Chen, H. H.,Chan, C. C.(2020).Containing COVID-19 among 627,386 Persons in Contact with the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Passengers Who Disembarked in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics.Journal of Medical Internet Research,22(5),e19540.
  33. Chen, Q.,Min, C.,Zhang, W.,Wang, G.,Ma, X.,Evans, R.(2020).Unpacking the Black Box: How to Promote Citizen Engagement Through Government Social Media during the COVID-19 Crisis.Computers in Human Behavior,110,106380.
  34. Chen, Y. D.,Brown, S. A.,Hu, P. J. H.,King, C. C.,Chen, H. C.(2011).Managing Emerging Infectious Diseases with Information Systems: Reconceptualizing Outbreak Management through the Lens of Loose Coupling.Information Systems Research,22(3),447-468.
  35. Christaki, E.(2015).New Technologies in Predicting, Preventing and Controlling Emerging Infectious Diseases.Virulence,6(6),558-565.
  36. Christensen, T.,Lægreid, P.(2020).Balancing Governance Capacity and Legitimacy: How the Norwegian Government Handled the COVID-19 Crisis as a High Performer.Public Administration Review,80(5),774-779.
  37. Chua, A. Q.,Tan, M. M. J.,Verma, M.,Han, E. K. L.,Hsu, L. Y.,Cook, A. R.,Teo, Y. Y.,Lee, V. J.,Legido-Quigley, H.(2020).Health System Resilience in Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from Singapore.British Medicine Journal Global Health,5(9),e003317.
  38. Comfort, L. K.,Kapucu, N.,Ko, K.,Menoni, S.,Siciliano, M.(2020).Crisis Decision Making on a Global Scale: Transition from Cognition to Collective Action under Threat of COVID‐19.Public Administration Review,80(4),616-622.
  39. Comfort, L. K.,Waugh, W. L.,Cigler, B. A.(2012).Emergency Management Research and Practice in Public Administration: Emergency, Evolution, Expansion, and Future Directions.Public Administration Review,72(4),539-547.
  40. Corbin, J. M.,Strauss, A.(2008).Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory.Los Angeles, CA:SAGE Publications.
  41. Corbin, J. M.,Strauss, A. L.(2014).Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory.London, UK:SAGE Publications.
  42. Corbin, J. M.,Strauss, A. L.(1990).Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria.Qualitative Sociology,13(1),3-21.
  43. Cordella, A.,Paletti, A.(2019).Government as a Platform, Orchestration, and Public Value Creation: The Italian Case.Government Information Quarterly,36(4),101409.
  44. Day, G. S.,Schoemaker, P. J. H.(2005).Scanning the Periphery.Harvard Business Review,83(11),135-148.
  45. Denhardt, J. V.,Denhardt, R. B.(2015).The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering.New York, NY:Routledge.
  46. Denzin, N. K.(2009).The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods.New York, NY:Routledge.
  47. Denzin, N. K.(1978).The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods.New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
  48. Denzin, N. K.(ed.),Lincoln, Y. S.(ed.)(1994).Handbook of Qualitative Research.Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE Publications.
  49. Doshi, P.(2011).The Elusive Definition of Pandemic Influenza.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,89(7),532-538.
  50. Dougherty, D.,Dunne, D. D.(2011).Organizing Ecologies of Complex Innovation.Organization Science,22(5),1214-1223.
  51. Eisenmann, T.,Parker, G.,Van Alstyne, M. W.(2006).Strategies for Two-Sided Markets.Harvard Business Review,84(10),92-101.
  52. Erich, G.,Richard, H.,John, V.,Ralph, J.(1994).Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Addison Wesley.
  53. Evans, D. S.,Schmalensee, R.(2007).Catalyst Code: The Strategies Behind the World's Most Dynamic Companies.Boston, MA:Harvard Business Review Press.
  54. Fabricatore, C.,Nussbaum, M.,Rosas, R.(2002).Playability in Action Videogames: A Qualitative Design Model.Human Computer Interaction,17(4),311-368.
  55. Fahey, R. A.,Hino, A.(2020).COVID-19, Digital Privacy, and the Social Limits on Data-Focused Public Health Responses.International Journal of Information Management,55,102181.
  56. Federal Emergency Management Agency=FEMA(2011).A Whole Community Approach to Emergency Management: Principles, Themes, and Pathways for Action.Washington, D.C.:US Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
  57. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 2006, “Principles of Emergency Management: Independent Study,” https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=485174, accessed on May 4, 2020.
  58. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 2020, “Emergency Management in the United States,” https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/is111_unit%204.pdf, accessed on May 4, 2020.
  59. Fehrer, J. A.,Woratschek, H.,Brodie, R. J.(2018).A Systemic Logic for Platform Business Models.Journal of Service Management,29(4),546-568.
  60. Finlay, L.(2002).“Outing” the Researcher: The Provenance, Process, and Practice of Reflexivity.Qualitative Health Research,12(4),531-545.
  61. Flick, U.(ed.),Kardorff, E. V.(ed.),Steinke, I.(ed.)(2004).A Companion to Qualitative Research.London, UK:SAGE Publications.
  62. Fontes-Filho, J. R.,Kaufmann, C.,Fonseca, T. M.,Pimenta, R.,Souza, J. D.,Novaes, E.(2021).Governance of Interorganizational Health Emergency Networks: Facing the Zika Pandemic.Annals of Public Cooperative Economics,92(2),333-354.
  63. Gawer, A.(ed.)(2009).Platforms, Markets and Innovation.Cheltenham, UK:Edward Elgar Publishing.
  64. Glaser, B. G.(1992).Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence Vs. Forcing.Mill Valley, CA:Sociology Press.
  65. Glaser, B. G.(1978).Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory.Mill Valley, CA:Sociology Press.
  66. Glaser, B. G.,Holton, J.(2004).Remodeling Grounded Theory.Forum: Qualitative Social Research,5(2),4.
  67. Glaser, B. G.,Holton, J.(2005).Basic Social Processes.The Grounded Theory Review,4(3),1-21.
  68. Glaser, B. G.,Strauss, A. L.(1967).The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research.Chicago, IL:Aldine Publishing Company.
  69. Goulding, C.(2002).Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Researchers.Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE Publication.
  70. Grupe, F. H.(1993).Case-Based Reasoning.Information Systems Management,10(2),77-80.
  71. Hein, A.,Schreieck, M.,Riasanow, T.,Setzke, D. S.,Wiesche, M.,Böhm, M.,Krcmar, H.(2020).Digital Platform Ecosystems.Electronic Markets,30,87-98.
  72. Hiscott, J.,Alexandridi, M.,Muscolini, M.,Tassone, E.,Palermo, E.,Soultsioti, M.,Zevini, A.(2020).The Global Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic.Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews,53,1-9.
  73. Jack, S. M.(2006).Utility of Qualitative Research Findings in Evidence-based Public Health Practice.Public Health Nursing,23(3),277-283.
  74. Jacobides, M. G.,Cennamo, C.,Gawer, A.(2018).Towards a Theory of Ecosystems.Strategic Management Journal,39(8),2255-2276.
  75. Jankowski, P.,Nyerges, T.(2001).GIS-Supported Collaborative Decision Making: Results of an Experiment.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,91(1),48-70.
  76. Janssen, M.,Estevez, E.(2013).Lean Government and Platform-Based Governance — Doing More with Less.Government Information Quarterly,30(Supplement 1),S1-S8.
  77. Jones, R.,Noble, G.(2007).Grounded Theory and Management Research: A Lack of Integrity?.Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal,2(2),84-103.
  78. Jung, K.,Song, M.,Park, H. J.(2019).The Dynamics of an Interorganizational Emergency Management Network: Interdependent and Independent Risk Hypotheses.Public Administration Review,79(2),225-235.
  79. Kapucu, N.(2006).Interagency Communication Networks during Emergencies: Boundary Spanners in Multiagency Coordination.The American Review of Public Administration,36(2),207-225.
  80. Kapucu, N.(2014).Complexity, Governance and Networks: Perspectives from Public Administration.Complexity, Governance and Networks,1(1),29-38.
  81. Kapucu, N.,Arslan, T.,Demiroz, F.(2010).Collaborative Emergency Management and National Emergency Management Network.Disaster Prevention and Management,19(4),452-468.
  82. Kapucu, N.,Demiroz, F.(2011).Measuring Performance for Collaborative Public Management Using Network Analysis Methods and Tools.Public Performance & Management Review,34(4),549-579.
  83. Kapucu, N.,Demiroz, F.(2016).Interorganizational Networks in Disaster Management.Social Networks Analysis of Disaster Response, Recovery, and Adaptation,London, UK:
  84. Kapucu, N.,Garayev, V.(2013).Designing, Managing, and Sustaining Functionally Collaborative Emergency Management Networks.The American Review of Public Administration,43(3),312-330.
  85. Kapucu, N.,Garayev, V.(2016).Structure and Network Performance: Horizontal and Vertical Networks in Emergency Management.Administration & Society,48(8),931-961.
  86. Kapucu, N.,Garayev, V.(2011).Collaborative Decision-Making in Emergency and Disaster Management.International Journal of Public Administration,34(6),366-375.
  87. Kapucu, N.,Garayev, V.,Wang, X.(2013).Sustaining Networks in Emergency Management.Public Performance & Management Review,37(1),104-133.
  88. Kapucu, N.,Hu, Q.(2020).Network Governance: Concepts, Theories, and Applications.New York, NY:Taylor & Francis Group.
  89. Kapucu, N.,Hu, Q.(2016).Understanding Multiplexity of Collaborative Networks.American Review of Public Administration,46(4),399-417.
  90. Kapucu, N.,Özerdem, A.(2013).Managing Emergencies and Crises.Burlington, MA:Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  91. Keast, R,Mandell, M. P.,Agranoff, R.(2013).Network Theory in the Public Sector: Building New Theoretical.New York, NY:Routledge.
  92. Kickbusch, I.(2006).The Need for a European Strategy on Global Health.Scandinavian Journal of Public Health,34(6),561-565.
  93. Kickbusch, I.,Szabo, M. M. C.(2014).A New Governance Space for Health.Global Health Action,7,23507.
  94. Koliba, C. J.,Meek, J. W.,Zia, A.,Mills, R. W.(2018).Governance Networks in Public Administration and Public Policy.New York, NY:Routledge.
  95. Koonin, L. M.(2020).Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak: Now is the time to Refresh Pandemic Plans.Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning,13(4),1-15.
  96. Krieg, S. J.,Schnur, J. J.,Marshall, J. D.,Schoenbauer, M. M.,Chawla, N. V.(2020).Pandemic Pulse: Unraveling and Modeling Social Signals During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Digital Government: Research and Practice,2(2),19.
  97. Kruk, M. E.,Myers, M.,Varpilah, S. T.,Dahn, B. T.(2015).What is a Resilient Health System? Lessons from Ebola.The Lancet,385(9980),1910-1912.
  98. Lachlan, K. A.,Spence, P. R.,Lin, X.,Najarian, K.,Greco, M. D.(2016).Social Media and Crisis Management: CERC, Search Strategies, and Twitter Content.Computers in Human Behavior,54,647-652.
  99. Legido-Quigley, H.,Mateos-García, J. T.,Campos, V. R.,Gea-Sánchez, M.,Muntaner, C.,McKee, M.(2020).The Resilience of the Spanish Health System against the COVID-19 Pandemic.The Lancet Public Health,5(5),e251-e252.
  100. Leidner, D. E.,Pan, G.,Pan, S. L.(2009).The Role of IT in Crisis Response: Lessons from the SARS and Asian Tsunami Disasters.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,18(2),80-99.
  101. Levinson, P.(2014).New New Media.London, UK:Pearson.
  102. Li, Y.,Chandra, Y.,Kapucu, N.(2020).Crisis Coordination and the Role of Social Media in Response to COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.The American Review of Public Administration,50(6-7),698-705.
  103. Lindsay, B. R.(2012).CRS ReportCRS Report,Washington, D.C.:Congressional Research Service.
  104. Liu, Z. H.,Hu, G. L.,Zhou, T. H.,Wang, L.(2019).TDT_CC: A Hot Topic Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Chain of Causes.Recent Advances in Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing,Cham, Switzerland:
  105. Lu, X.(2009).Web GIS based Information Visualization for Infectious Disease Prevention.2009 Third International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application,Shanghai, China:
  106. Ma, N.,Liu, Y.(2014).SuperedgeRank Algorithm and its Application in Identifying Opinion Leader of Online Public Opinion Supernetwork.Expert Systems with Applications,41(4),1357-1368.
  107. Mántaras, R. L. D.,Plaza, E.(1997).Case-Based Reasoning: An Overview.AI Communications,10(1),21-29.
  108. Maznevski, M. L.,Chudoba, K. M.(2000).Bridging Space over Time: Global Virtual Team Dynamics and Effectiveness.Organization Science,11(5),473-492.
  109. Media Bias/Fact Check, 2020, “World Health Organization (WHO),” https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/world-health-organization-who/, accessed on November 15, 2020.
  110. Mergel, I., 2014, “Social Media Practices in Local Emergency Management: Results from Central New York,” https://sotechem.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/SoTechEM_Executive_Report-mwedit111914.pdf, accessed on April 25, 2020.
  111. Micklethwait, J. and Wooldridge, A., 2020, “The Virus Should Wake Up the West,” Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-04-13/coronavirus-pandemic-is-wake-up-call-to-reinvent-the-state, accessed on March 15, 2021.
  112. Mischen, P. A.(2015).Collaborative Network Capacity.Public Management Review,17(3),380-403.
  113. Morse, J. M.,Stern, P.,Corbin, J. M.,Bowers, B.,Clarke, A(2009).Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation.Walnut Creek, CA:Left Coast Press.
  114. Mukhopadhyay, S.,Bouwman, H.(2019).Orchestration and Governance in Digital Platform Ecosystems: A Literature Review and Trends.Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance,21(4),329-351.
  115. Mukhopadhyay, S.,Bouwman, H.(2018).Multi-Actor Collaboration in Platform-Based Ecosystem: Opportunities and Challenges.Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research,20(2),47-54.
  116. Mukhopadhyay, S.,Bouwman, H.,Jaiswal, M. P.(2019).An Open Platform Centric Approach for Scalable Government Service Delivery to the Poor: The Aadhaar Case.Government Information Quarterly,36(3),437-448.
  117. Myers, M. D.(1997).Qualitative Research in Information Systems.MIS Quarterly,21(2),241-242.
  118. Nakov, P.,Martino, G. D. S.(2020).Fact-Checking, Fake News, Propaganda, and Media Bias: Truth Seeking in the Post-Truth Era.Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts
  119. National Governors’ Association Center for Policy Research=NGA(1979).Comprehensive Emergency Management: A Governor’s Guide.Washington D.C.:Defense Civil Preparedness Agency.
  120. Neal, D.(1997).Reconsidering the Phases of Disaster.International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters,15(2),239-264.
  121. Newman, N,Fletcher, R.,Kalogeropoulos, A.,Nielsen, R. K.(2019).Reuters Institute Digital News Report.
  122. Nielson, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J. S., and Howard, P. N., 2020, “Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus,” https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf, accessed on June 4, 2020.
  123. Nii-Trebi, N. I.(2017).Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: Insights, Advances, and Challenges.BioMed Research International,2017,5245021.
  124. Noda, Y.(2020).Socioeconomical Transformation and Mental Health Impact by the COVID-19’s Ultimate VUCA Era: Toward the New Normal, the New Japan, and the New World.Asian Journal of Psychiatry,54,102262.
  125. Noelle-Neumann, E.(1974).The Spiral of Silence a Theory of Public Opinion.Journal of Communication,24(2),43-51.
  126. Nohrstedt, D.,Bynander, F.,Parker, C.,Hart, P.(2018).Managing Crises Collaboratively: Prospects and Problems — A Systematic Literature Review.Perspectives on Public Management and Governance,1(4),257-271.
  127. O’Reilly, T.(2011).Government as a Platform.Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization,6(1),13-40.
  128. Ondrus, J.,Gannamaneni, A.,Lyytinen, K.(2015).The Impact of Openness on the Market Potential of Multi-Sided Platforms: A Case study of Mobile Payment Platforms.Journal of Information Technology,30(3),260-275.
  129. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2020, “Why open science is critical to combatting COVID-19,” https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=129_129916-31pgjnl6cb&title=Why-open-science-is-critical-to-combatting-COVID-19, accessed on March 21, 2021.
  130. Orlikowski, W. J.(1993).CASE Tools as Organizational Change: Investigating Incremental and Radical Changes in Systems Development.MIS Quarterly,17(3),309-340.
  131. Owrang, O.,Mehdi, M.(1998).Case Discovery in Case-Based Reasoning.Information Systems Management,15(1),74-78.
  132. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 2020, “Understanding the Infodemic and Misinformation in the Fight against COVID-19,” https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52052/Factsheet-infodemic_eng.pdf?sequence=14&isAllowed=y, accessed on May 15, 2020.
  133. Parker, G. G.,Van Alstyne, M. W.,Choudary, S. P.(2016).Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You.New York, NY:W. W. Norton & Company.
  134. Peeri, N. C.,Shrestha, N.,Rahman, M. S.,Zaki, R.,Tan, Z.,Bibi, S.,Baghbanzadeh, M.,Aghamohammadi, N.,Zhang, W.,Haque, U.(2020).The SARS, MERS and Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Epidemics, the Newest and Biggest Global Health Threats: What Lessons Have We Learned?.International Journal of Epidemiology,49(3),717-726.
  135. Physiopedia, 2020, “Global Health Governance,” https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Global_Health_Governance&oldid=245221, accessed on August 31, 2020.
  136. Provan, K. G.,Lemaire, R. H.(2012).Core Concepts and Key Ideas for Understanding Public Sector Organizational Networks: Using Research to Inform Scholarship and Practice.Public Administration Review,72(5),638-648.
  137. Pryor, R.,Atkinson, C.,Cooper, K.,Doll, M.,Godbout, E.,Stevens, M. P.,Bearman, G.(2020).The Electronic Medical Record and COVID-19: Is it up to the Challenge?.American Journal of Infection Control,48(8),966-967.
  138. Qiu, W.,Rutherford, S.,Mao, A.,Chu, C.(2017).The Pandemic and its Impacts.Health, Culture and Society,9/10,1-11.
  139. Quick, K. S.,Feldman, M. S.(2014).Boundaries as Junctures: Collaborative Boundary Work for Building Efficient Resilience.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,24(3),673-695.
  140. Reynolds, B.,Seeger, M. W.(2005).Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication as an Integrative Model.Journal of Health Communication,10(1),43-55.
  141. Riesbeck, C. K.,Schank, R. S.(1989).Inside Case-Based Reasoning.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  142. Risius, M.,Aydinguel, O.,Haug, M.(2019).Towards an Understanding of Conspiracy Echo Chambers on Facebook.Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS),Sweden:
  143. Rogers, E. M.(2003).Diffusion of innovations.New York, NY:Free Press.
  144. Schama, S., 2020, “Plague Time: Simon Schama on what History Tells Us,” Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/279dee4a-740b-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca, accessed on March 15, 2021.
  145. Schoemaker, P. J. H.,Day, G. S.(2020).Determinants of Organizational Vigilance: Leadership, Foresight, and Adaptation in Three Sectors.Futures and Foresight Science,2(1),e24.
  146. Schoemaker, P. J. H.,Day, G. S.,Snyder, S. A.(2013).Integrating Organizational Networks, Weak Signals, Strategic Radars and Scenario Planning.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,80(4),815-824.
  147. Seidel, S.,Urquhart, C.(2013).On Emergence and Forcing in Information Systems Grounded Theory Studies: The Case of Strauss and Corbin.Journal of Information Technology,28(3),237-260.
  148. Selander, L.,Henfridsson, O.,Svahn, F.(2013).Capability Search and Redeem across Digital Ecosystems.Journal of Information Technology,28(3),183-197.
  149. Singh, L.,Bansal, S.,Bode, L.,Budak, C.,Chi, G.,Kawintiranon, K.,Padden, C.,Vanarsdall, R.,Vraga, E.,Wang, Y.(2020).,未出版
  150. Singhal, A., 2012, “Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, not Strings,” https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html, accessed on April 16, 2020.
  151. Slack, F.,Rowley, J.(2002).Kiosks 21: A New Role for Information Kiosks?.International Journal of Information Management,22(1),67-83.
  152. Sobelson, R. K.,Wigington, C. J.,Harp, V.,Bronson, B. B.(2015).A Whole Community Approach to Emergency Management: Strategies and Best Practices of Seven Community Programs.Journal of Emergency Management,13(4),349-357.
  153. Song, M.(2018).Does Having a Strong Commitment Matter in Building Sustainable Networks?.Quality & Quantity,52(2),551-564.
  154. Sorri, K.,Seppänen, M.,Still, K.,Valkokari, K.(2019).Business Model Innovation with Platform Canvas.Journal of Business Models,7(2),1-13.
  155. Stefanov, P.,Darwish, K.,Atanasov, A.,Nakov, P.(2020).Predicting the Topical Stance and Political Leaning of Media using Tweets.Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
  156. Strauss, A. L.,Corbin, J. M.(1990).Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.Newbury Park, CA:SAGE Publications.
  157. Strickland, E.(2018).AI-Human Partnerships Tackle “Fake News”: Machine Learning Can Get You Only So Far-Then Human Judgment is Required.IEEE Spectrum,55(9),12-13.
  158. Tang, P.,Chen, H.,Shao, S.(2018).Examining the Intergovernmental and Interorganizational Network of Responding to Major Accidents for Improving the Emergency Management System in China.Complexity,2018,8395872.
  159. The Ring, 2020, “Hall of Fame News,” https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/downloads/ring/ring-2019-09.pdf, accessed on November 30, 2020.
  160. Tie, Y. C.,Birks, M.,Francis, K.(2019).Grounded Theory Research: A Design Framework for Novice Researchers.SAGE Open Medicine,7,1-8.
  161. Tiwana, A.(2014).Platform Ecosystems: Aligning Architecture, Governance, and Strategy.Waltham, MA:Morgan Kaufmann.
  162. Tiwana, A.(2015).Evolutionary Competition in Platform Ecosystems.Information Systems Research,26(2),266-281.
  163. Tiwana, A.,Konsynski, B.,Bush, A. A.(2010).Platform Evolution: Coevolution of Platform Architecture, Governance, and Environmental Dynamics.Information Systems Research,21(4),675-687.
  164. Turnock, B. J.(2015).Public Health: What is it and How it Works.Burlington, MA:Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  165. United Nations, 2020, “This is a Time for Science and Solidarity,” https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/time-science-and-solidarity, accessed on May 4 2020.
  166. Upshur, R. E. G.(2001).The Status of Qualitative Research as Evidence.The Nature of Qualitative Evidence,Thousand Oaks, CA:
  167. Urquhart, C.,Lehmann, H.,Myers, M. D.(2010).Putting the ‘Theory’ Back into Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Grounded Theory Studies in Information Systems.Information Systems Journal,20(4),357-381.
  168. Vaishya, R.,Javaid, M.,Khan, I. H.,Haleem, A.(2020).Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications for COVID-19 Pandemic.Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews,14(4),337-339.
  169. Van Alstyne, M. W.,Parker, G. G.,Choudary, S. P.(2016).Pipelines, Platforms, and the New Rules of Strategy.Harvard Business Review,94(4),54-62.
  170. Van der Wal, Z.(2020).Being a Public Manager in Times of Crisis: The Art of Managing Stakeholders, Political Masters, and Collaborative Networks.Public Administration Review,80(5),759-764.
  171. Veil, S. R.,Reynolds, B.,Sellnow, T. L.,Seeger, M. W.(2008).CERC as a Theoretical Framework for Research and Practice.Health Promotion Practice,9(Supplement 4),26S-34S.
  172. Wang, C. J.,Ng, C. Y.,Brook, R. H.(2020).Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing.The Journal of the American Medical Association,323(14),1341-1342.
  173. Wang, Q.,Mao, Z.,Wang, B.,Guo, L.(2017).Knowledge Graph Embedding: A Survey of Approaches and Applications.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,29(12),2724-2743.
  174. Waugh, W. L., Jr.(2000).Living with Hazards, Dealing with Disaster: An Introduction to Emergency Management.New York, NY:M.E. Sharpe, Inc..
  175. Wiesche, M.,Jurisch, M. C.,Yetton, P. W.,Krcmar, H.(2017).Grounded Theory Methodology in Information Systems Research.MIS Quarterly,41(3),685-701.
  176. Williamson, P. J.,De Meyer, A.(2012).Ecosystem Advantage: How to Successfully Harness the Power of Partners.California Management Review,55(1),24-46.
  177. World Health Organization(2016).Anticipating Emerging Infectious Disease Epidemics: Meeting Report WHO Informal Consultation.Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
  178. World Health Organization, 2020c, “Emerging Diseases,” http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/emerging-diseases/index.html, accessed on June 4, 2020.
  179. World Health Organization(2017).Emergency Response Framework.Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
  180. World Health Organization(2008).International Health Regulations (2005).Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
  181. World Health Organization(2018).A Checklist for Pandemic Influenza Risk and Impact Management: Building Capacity for Pandemic Response.Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
  182. World Health Organization, 2010, “What is a Pandemic?” https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/, assessed on March 21, 2020.
  183. World Health Organization, 2020f, “Virtual Press Conference on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020,” https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-and-final-11mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=cb432bb3_2, accessed on April 4, 2020.
  184. World Health Organization, 2020a, “COVID-19 Emergency Committee Highlights Need for Response Efforts over Long Term,” https://www.who.int/news/item/01-08-2020-covid-19-emergency-committee-highlights-need-for-response-efforts-over-long-term, assessed on November 28, 2020.
  185. World Health Organization, 2020g, “WHO Emergencies Coronavirus Emergency Committee Second Meeting,” https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/ihr-emergency-committee-for-pneumonia-due-to-the-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-press-briefing-transcript-30012020.pdf?sfvrsn=c9463ac1_2, accessed on Feb 14, 2020.
  186. World Health Organization, 2020e, “Infectious Diseases,” https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/infectious-diseases/index.html, accessed on June 4, 2020.
  187. World Health Organization(2017).A Strategic Framework for Emergency Preparedness.Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
  188. World Health Organization(2012).Rapid Risk Assessment of Acute Public Health Events.Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
  189. World Health Organization, 2020b, “Emergencies,” https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/, assessed on March 21, 2020.
  190. World Health Organization, 2020d, “IHR Procedures Concerning Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC),” https://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/, accessed on May 4 2020.
  191. Wu, T.,Qi, G.,Li, C.,Wang, M.(2018).A Survey of Techniques for Constructing Chinese Knowledge Graphs and Their Applications.Sustainability,10(9),3245.
  192. Wukich, C.(2016).Government Social Media Messages across Disaster Phases.Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,24(4),230-243.
  193. Wukich, C.,Mergel, I.(2015).Closing the Citizen-Government Communication Gap: Content, Audience, and Network Analysis of Government Tweets.Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management,12(3),707-735.
  194. Xie, W.,Xu, Z.,Ren, Z.,Viedma, E. H.(2020).Restoring Incomplete PUMLPRs for Evaluating the Management Way of Online Public Opinion.Information Sciences,516,72-88.
  195. Yablonsky, S.(2020).A multidimensional Platform Ecosystem Framework.Kybernetes,49(7),2003-2035.
  196. Yin, R. K.(2015).Qualitative Research from Start to Finish.New York, NY:The Guilford Press.
  197. Yoo, J. H.(2013).The Meaning of Information Technology (IT) Mobile: Devices to Me, the Infectious Disease Physician.Infection & Chemotherapy,45(2),244-251.
  198. Zarocostas, J.(2020).How to Fight an Infodemic.The Lancet,395(10225),676.
  199. 中華民國行政院國家發展委員會，2020a，「服務型智慧政府 2.0 推動計畫(110 年至 114年)」，https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xMzcwMy9iYzJhZWM5MS03MjNjLTRmNjEtYjYyMC01ZWUxYzg4Mzc1NTkucGRm&n=MDgwNuacjeWLmeWei%2baZuuaFp%2baUv%2bW6nDIuMOaOqOWLleioiOeVq1%2fooYzmlL%2fpmaLmoLjlrprniYgucGRm&icon=..pdf, accessed on November 15, 2020. (National Development Council, R.O.C., 2020a, “Service-Oriented Smart Government Promotion Plan 2.0 [2021-2025],” https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xMzcwMy9iYzJhZWM5MS03MjNjLTRmNjEtYjYyMC01ZWUxYzg4
  200. 中華民國行政院國家發展委員會，2020b，「後 COVID-19 臺灣經濟發展對策」，https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNjIwMi8zNDE3Mi9jZWQ3YzkyNS03NWI0LTRmZGQtOWEwMy1mZmQ2NDAyM2JkN2QucGRm&n=5b6MQ09WSUQtMTnoh7rngaPntpPmv5%2fnmbzlsZXlsI3nrZbloLHlkYrlhajmlocucGRm&icon=..pdf, accessed on March 20, 2021. (National Development Council, R.O.C., 2020b, “Taiwan’s Economic Development for the Post-Covid-19 Era,” https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNjIwMi8zNDE3Mi9jZWQ3YzkyNS03NWI0LTRmZGQtOWEwMy1mZmQ2NDAyM2JkN2QucGRm&n=5b6MQ09WSUQtMTnoh7rngaPntpPmv5%2fnmbzlsZXlsI3nrZbloLHlkYrlhajmlocucGRm&icon=..pdf, accessed on March 20, 2021.)
  201. 中華民國行政院國家發展委員會，2018，「服務型智慧政府推動計畫-第五階段電子化政府計劃(核定版)」，https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTU2Ni84ODQwL2U1ZjE0OWZhLThmYmQtNGFkYi1hM2Q1LTBmMTY3MmU3ZDU3Yi5wZGY%3d&n=5pyN5YuZ5Z6L5pm65oWn5pS%2f5bqc5o6o5YuV6KiI55WrX%2baguOWumueJiC5wZGY%3d&icon=..pdf, accessed on November 15, 2020. (National Development Council, R.O.C., 2018, “Service-Oriented Smart Government Promotion Plan: The 5th Phase E-Government Program [Final Approved Version],” https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTU2Ni84ODQwL2U1ZjE0OWZhLThmYmQtNGFkYi1hM2Q1LTBmMTY3MmU3ZDU3Yi5wZGY%3d&n=5pyN5YuZ5Z6L5pm65oWn5pS%2f5bqc5o6o5YuV6KiI55WrX%2baguOWumueJiC5wZGY%3d&icon=..pdf, accessed on November 15, 2020.)
  202. 中華民國行政院衛生署， 2013 ，「 台灣健康雲計畫 ( 草案 ) 」，https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjG8-XOiNrwAhU1IaYKHRyMAIoQFjAAegQIAxAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgrb-topics.stpi.narl.org.tw%2Ffile%2Fdownload%3FflsId%3D4b1141c264eef5760164eef862e00130&usg=AOvVaw0fh_bZiz0cZSTmz02f4JLk, accessed on March 20, 2021. (The Ministry of Health and Welfare, R.O.C., 2013, “Taiwan’s Health Cloud Plan [Draft Version],” https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjG8-XOiNrwAhU1IaYKHRyMAIoQFjAAegQIAxAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgrb-topics.stpi.narl.org.tw%2Ffile%2Fdownload%3FflsId%3D4b1141c264eef5760164eef862e00130&usg=AOvVaw0fh_bZiz0cZSTmz02f4JLk, accessed on March 20, 2021)
  203. 中華民國行政院衛生福利部， 2020b ，「防疫健康安全網之建立」，https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiNgaaRx9fvAhV5yYsBHShgAYYQFjAAegQIAhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohw.gov.tw%2Fdl-61534-8ba96218-addf-49a8-8129-f1496bbb1bfc.html&usg=AOvVaw1XShsAFGkoChG3gsCulYB9, accessed on March 20, 2021. (The Ministry of Health and Welfare, R.O.C., 2020b, “The Establishment of Health Care Safety Network of Disease Control and Prevention”, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact =8&ved=2ahUKEwiNgaaRx9fvAhV5yYsBHShgAYYQFjAAegQIAhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohw.gov.tw%2Fdl-61534-8ba96218-addf-49a8-8129-f1496bbb1bfc.html&usg=AOvVaw1XShsAFGkoChG3gsCulYB9, accessed on March 20, 2021.)
  204. 中華民國行政院衛生福利部，2020a，「我國社區醫療體系如何就此次 COVID-19 防疫之經驗用以建立未來持久的社區防疫應變系統 」，https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwin67n_xNfvAhXdLqYKHV6_Av0QFjAAegQIAhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohw.gov.tw%2Fdl-61195-ab983be9-f726-4124-9387-e395973177a2.html&usg=AOvVaw3dFncZawsldWgHuIymoIEy, accessed on March 20, 2021. (The Ministry of Health and Welfare, R.O.C., 2020a, “How Our Community Health Care System Can Learn Lessons from COVID-19 to Develop Sustainable Community Response System to Disease Control and Prevention in the Future,” https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwin67n_xNfvAhXdLqYKHV6_Av0QFjAAegQIAhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohw.gov.tw%2Fdl-61195-ab983be9-f726-4124-9387-e395973177a2.html&usg=AOvVaw3dFncZawsldWgHuIymoIEy, accessed on March 20, 2021.)
  205. 中華民國行政院衛生福利部疾病管制署，2020，「國家衛生指揮中心(NHCC)」，https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/MPage/6CJ7RCriP1wF4BmtgAhKuA, accessed on November 15, 2020. (Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, 2020, “National Health Command Center [NHCC]”, https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/MPage/6CJ7RCriP1wF4BmtgAhKuA, accessed on November 15, 2020.)
  206. 中華民國行政院衛生福利部國民健康署，2018，「2018 年臺灣全球健康論壇『韌力、復原力：全球健康的挑戰與契機』」，https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-44934-1.html, accessed on November 15, 2020. (Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, 2018, “2018 Global Health Forum in Taiwan “Resilience: New Challenges and Opportunities for Global Health””, https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-44934-1.html, accessed on November 15, 2020.)
  207. 中華民國行政院衛生福利部國民健康署，2020，「平時監測，變時啟動國家衛生指揮中心用科技數據守護臺灣」，https://health99.hpa.gov.tw/article/171, accessed on November 15, 2020. (Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, 2020, “Routine Surveillance and Emergency Activation: National Health Command Center Uses Technology and Data to Protect Taiwan”, https://health99.hpa.gov.tw/article/171, accessed on November 15, 2020.)
print cancel