题名

突破性技術創新的制度化：建立一個整合性的概念框架

并列篇名

A Conceptual Framework for Institutionalization of Radical Technological Innovation

DOI

10.6160/SYSMR.202309_31(3).0001

作者

李傳楷(Chuan-Kai Lee)；馬鈺欣(Yu-Hsin Ma)

关键词

突破性技術創新 ； 制度化 ； 創新系統 ； 破壞式創新 ； 技術商品化 ； Radical Technological Innovation ； Institutionalization ； System of Innovation ； Disruptive Innovation ； Technology Commercialization

期刊名称

中山管理評論

卷期/出版年月

31卷3期（2023 / 09 / 01）

页次

403 - 446

内容语文

繁體中文;英文
中文摘要

突破性技術創新對於一個國家的企業、產業乃至於經濟發展，都會有非常深遠的影響。然而過去對於突破性技術創新的研究缺乏一個整體觀，以致於在判斷重要議題上容易出現盲點。本文嘗試整合系統及行動兩種觀點，提出一個整合性的概念框架，探索突破性技術創新從學術端到市場端的制度化過程中，行動者與制度環境之間的交互作用，以及其所衍生出的重大挑戰及課題。本文將制度化過程分成三個階段，資本化、正當化、組織化，分別對應不同的行動策略及制度環境。此框架將有助於增進我們對於突破性技術創新在科技政策、創業管理、科技管理、策略管理等領域的認識；也有助於釐清現有研究的缺口，並對未來可能的研究方向提出建議。
英文摘要

Radical technological innovations have far-reaching impacts on the development of firms, industries, and economies in a country. However, because of lack of an integrative framework, past researches on radical technological innovations make identify key issues difficult. This paper aims to integrate both system and agency perspectives to propose an integrative conceptual framework for exploring the institutionalization process of radical technological innovations from the academic end to the market end, particularly the interactions between actors and their institutional environments, and associated major challenges and key issues. The institutionalization process has been divided by three stages, capitalizing, legitimizing and organizing, corresponding to three different types of strategic action and their embedded institutional environments. This framework will contribute enhancing our understanding of radical technological innovations in technology policy, entrepreneurship management, technology management and strategic management to overcome the blind spots of past researches, and also help elucidate current research gaps, and suggest future research directions.
主题分类 社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. Abernathy, W. J.,Clark, K. B.(1985).Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction.Research Policy,14(1),3-22.
  2. Abernathy, W. J.,Utterback, J. M.(1978).Patterns of Industrial Innovation.Technology Review,80(7),40-47.
  3. Anand, J.,Oriani, R.,Vassolo, R. S.(2010).Alliance Activity as a Dynamic Capability in the Face of a Discontinuous Technological Change.Organization Science,21(6),1213-1232.
  4. Anderson, P.,Tushman, M. L.(1990).Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change.Administrative Science Quarterly,35(4),604-633.
  5. Asheim, B. T.,Isaksen, A.(1997).Location, Agglomeration and Innovation: Towards Regional Innovation Systems in Norway?.European Planning Studies,5(3),299-330.
  6. Audretsch, D. B.,Elston, J. A.(2006).Can Institutional Change Impact High-technology Firm Growth? Evidence from Germany’s Neuer Markt.Journal of Productivity Analysis,25(1-2),9-23.
  7. Audretsch, D.,Caiazza, R.(2016).Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship: Cross-national Analysis.The Journal of Technology Transfer,41(6),1247-1259.
  8. Auplat, C. A.,Zucker, L. G.(2014).Institutional Entrepreneurship Dynamics: Evidence from the Development of Nanotechnologies.Annals of Economics and Statistics,115/116,197-220.
  9. Bagozzi, R. P.(2007).The Legacy of the Technology Acceptance Model and a Proposal for a Paradigm Shift.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,8(4),3.
  10. Banbury, C. M.,Mitchell, W.(1995).The Effect of Introducing Important Incremental Innovations on Market Share and Business Survival.Strategic Management Journal,16(S1),161-182.
  11. Beckert, J.(1999).Agency, Entrepreneurs, and Institutional Change. The Role of Strategic Choice and Institutionalized Practices in Organizations.Organization Studies,20(5),777-799.
  12. Beckman, C.,Eisenhardt, K.,Kotha, S.,Meyer, A.,Rajagopalan, N.(2012).Technology Entrepreneurship.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,6(2),89-93.
  13. Bergek, A.,Jacobsson, S.,Sandén, B. A.(2008).Legitimation and Development of Positive Externalities: Two Key Processes in the Formation Phase of Technological Innovation Systems.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,20(5),575-592.
  14. Bhatt, V. V.(1975).On Technology Policy and its Institutional Frame.World Development,3(9),651-663.
  15. Bijker, W. E.,Hughes, T. P.,Pinch, T.(2012).The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
  16. Binz, C.,Harris-Lovett, S.,Kiparsky, M.,Sedlak, D. L.,Truffer, B.(2016).The Thorny Road to Technology Legitimation - Institutional Work for Potable Water Reuse in California.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,103(C),249-263.
  17. Bower, J. L.,Christensen, C. M.(1995).Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave.Harvard Business Review,43,43-53.
  18. Breschi, S.,Malerba, F.(1997).Sectoral Innovation Systems: Technological Regimes, Schumpeterian Dynamics, and Spatial Boundaries.Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations,1(6),130-156.
  19. Campbell, T. A.,Ivanova, O. S.(2013).Additive Manufacturing as a Disruptive Technology: Implications of Three-dimensional Printing.Technology & Innovation,15(1),67-79.
  20. Carlsson, B.,Eliasson, G.(1994).The Nature and Importance of Economic Competence.Industrial and Corporate Change,3(3),687-711.
  21. Carlsson, B.,Jacobsson, S.,Holmén, M.,Rickne, A.(2002).Innovation Systems: Analytical and Methodological Issues.Research Policy,31(2),233-245.
  22. Carlsson, B.,Stankiewicz, R.(1991).On the Nature, Function and Composition of Technological Systems.Journal of Evolutionary Economics,1(2),93-118.
  23. Casper, S.(1999).National Institutional Frameworks and High-technology Innovation in Germany: The Case of Biotechnology.WZB Berlin Social Science Center,32(FS),99-306.
  24. Casper, S.(2000).Institutional Adaptiveness, Technology Policy, and the Diffusion of New Business Models: The Case of German Biotechnology.Organization Studies,21(5),887-914.
  25. Chen, C.-J.(2009).Technology Commercialization, Incubator and Venture Capital, and New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Research,62(1),93-103.
  26. Chesbrough, H. W.(2003).Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology.Boston:Harvard Business School Press.
  27. Christensen, C. M.(2013).The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail.Boston:Harvard Business Review Press.
  28. Christensen, C. M.(1997).The Innovator’s Dilemma.Boston:Harvard Business School Press.
  29. Christensen, C. M.,Raynor, M. E.,McDonald, R.(2015).What is Disruptive Innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12),44-53.
  30. Christensen, C. M.,Rosenbloom, R. S.(1995).Explaining the Attacker’s Advantage: Technological Paradigms, Organizational Dynamics, and the Value Network.Research Policy,24(2),233-257.
  31. Christiaanse, E.,Huigen, J.(1997).Institutional Dimensions in Information Technology Implementation in Complex Network Settings.European Journal of Information Systems,6(2),77-85.
  32. Coccia, M.(2016).Problem-driven Innovations in Drug Discovery: Co-evolution of the Patterns of Radical Innovation with the Evolution of Problems.Health Policy and Technology,5(2),143-155.
  33. Colyvas, J. A.(2007).From Divergent Meanings to Common Practices: The Early Institutionalization of Technology Transfer in the Life Sciences at Stanford University.Research Policy,36(4),456-476.
  34. Cooke, P.,Boekholt, P.,Todtling, F.(2000).The Governance of Innovation in Europe: Regional Perspectives on Global Competitiveness.London:Cengage Learning EMEA.
  35. Cooke, P.,Uranga, M. G.,Etxebarria, G.(1997).Regional Innovation Systems: Institutional and Organisational Dimensions.Research Policy,26(4-5),475-491.
  36. Crommelin, D. J.,Storm, G.,Verrijk, R.,de Leede, L.,Jiskoot, W.,Hennink, W. E.(2003).Shifting Paradigms: Biopharmaceuticals versus Low Molecular Weight Drugs.International Journal of Pharmaceutics,266(1-2),3-16.
  37. Daim, T. U.,Rueda, G.,Martin, H.,Gerdsri, P.(2006).Forecasting Emerging Technologies: Use of Bibliometrics and Patent Analysis.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,73(8),981-1012.
  38. Davidson, S., De Filippi, P., and Potts, J., 2016, “Disrupting Governance: The New Institutional Economics of Distributed Ledger Technology,” https://ssrn.com/abstract=2811995, accessed on April 10, 2021.
  39. Dewar, R. D.,Dutton, J. E.(1986).The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations: An Empirical Analysis.Management Science,32(11),1422-1433.
  40. Dewick, P.,Miozzo, M.(2004).Networks and Innovation: Sustainable Technologies in Scottish Social Housing.R&D Management,34(3),323-333.
  41. DiMaggio, P.(1988).Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory.Institutional Patterns and Organizations Culture and Environment,1(1),3-21.
  42. Dodgson, M.,Rothwell, R.(1995).The Handbook of Industrial Innovation.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing.
  43. Dosi, G.(1982).Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories: A Suggested Interpretation of the Determinants and Directions of Technical Change.Research Policy,11(3),147-162.
  44. Edquist, C.(1997).Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions, and Organizations.London:Psychology Press.
  45. Egyedi, T. M.(2000).Institutional Dilemma in ICT Standardization: Coordinating the Diffusion of Technology.Information Technology Standards and Standardization: A Global Perspective,48(4),48-62.
  46. Forbes, D. P.,Kirsch, D. A.(2011).The Study of Emerging Industries: Recognizing and Responding to Some Central Problems.Journal of Business Venturing,26(5),589-602.
  47. Frank, A. G.,Cortimiglia, M. N.,Ribeiro, J. L. D.,de Oliveira, L. S.(2016).The Effect of Innovation Activities on Innovation Outputs in the Brazilian Industry: Market-orientation vs. Technology-acquisition Strategies.Research Policy,45(3),577-592.
  48. Freeman, C.(1987).Technology, Policy, and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan.London:Burns & Oates.
  49. Freeman, C.,Soete, L.(1997).The Economics of Industrial Innovation.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
  50. Friedman, A. L.(1994).The Information Technology Field: Using Fields and Paradigms for Analyzing Technological Change.Human Relations,47(4),367-392.
  51. Frishammar, J.,Lichtenthaler, U.,Rundquist, J.(2012).Identifying Technology Commercialization Opportunities: The Importance of Integrating Product Development Knowledge.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(4),573-589.
  52. Gao, P., Kaas, H.-W., Mohr, D., and Wee, D., 2016. “Disruptive Trends that will Transform the Auto Industry,” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/automotive%20and%20assembly/our%20insights/disruptive%20trends%20that%20will%20transform%20the%20auto%20industry/auto%202030%20report%20jan%202016.pdf
  53. Garcia, R.,Calantone, R.(2002).A Critical Look at Technological Innovation Typology and Innovativeness Terminology: A Literature Review.Journal of Product Innovation Management,19(2),110-132.
  54. Garud, R.,Jain, S.,Kumaraswamy, A.(2002).Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Sponsorship of Common Technological Standards: The Case of Sun Microsystems and Java.Academy of Management Journal,45(1),196-214.
  55. Garud, R.,Karnøe, P.(2003).Bricolage versus Breakthrough: Distributed and Embedded Agency in Technology Entrepreneurship.Research Policy,32(2),277-300.
  56. Gatignon, H.,Tushman, M. L.,Smith, W.,Anderson, P.(2002).A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics.Management Science,48(9),1103-1122.
  57. Geels, F. W.(2005).Technological Transitions and System Innovations: A Co-evolutionary and Socio-technical Analysis.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing.
  58. Geissinger, A.,Laurell, C.,Sandström, C.,Eriksson, K.,Nykvist, R.(2019).Digital Entrepreneurship and Field Conditions for Institutional Change–investigating the Enabling Role of Cities.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,146(C),877-886.
  59. George, G.,Rao-Nicholson, R.,Corbishley, C.,Bansal, R.(2015).Institutional Entrepreneurship, Governance, and Poverty: Insights from Emergency Medical Response Servicesin India.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,32(1),39-65.
  60. George, G.,Zahra, S. A.,Wood, D. R., Jr.(2002).The Effects of Business-university Alliances on Innovative Output and Financial Performance: A Study of Publicly Traded Biotechnology Companies.Journal of Business Venturing,17(6),577-609.
  61. Godoe, H.(2000).Innovation Regimes, R&D and Radical Innovations in Telecommunications.Research Policy,29(9),1033-1046.
  62. Grant, R. M.,Baden‐Fuller, C.(2004).A Knowledge Accessing Theory of Strategic Alliances.Journal of Management Studies,41(1),61-84.
  63. Gustafsson, R.(2010).Helsinki University of Technology.
  64. Hamel, G.(2001).Leading the Revolution : An Interview with Gary Hamel.Strategy & Leadership,29(1),4-10.
  65. Hargadon, A. B.,Douglas, Y.(2001).When Innovations Meet Institutions: Edison and the Design of the Electric Light.Administrative Science Quarterly,46(3),476-501.
  66. Henfridsson, O.,Yoo, Y.(2014).The Liminality of Trajectory Shifts in Institutional Entrepreneurship.Organization Science,25(3),932-950.
  67. Hertwig, M.(2012).Institutional Effects in the Adoption of E-business-technology: Evidence from the German Automotive Supplier Industry.Information and Organization,22(4),252-272.
  68. Hess, A. M.,Rothaermel, F. T.(2011).When are Assets Complementary? Star Scientists, Strategic Alliances, and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry.Strategic Management Journal,32(8),895-909.
  69. Hill, C. W.,Rothaermel, F. T.(2003).The Performance of Incumbent Firms in the Face of Radical Technological Innovation.Academy of Management Review,28(2),257-274.
  70. Hoffman, A. J.(1999).Institutional Evolution and Change: Environmentalism and the US Chemical Industry.Academy of Management Journal,42(4),351-371.
  71. Hwang, J.,Christensen, C. M.(2008).Disruptive Innovation in Health Care Delivery: A Framework for Business-model Innovation.Health Affairs,27(5),1329-1335.
  72. Iansiti, M.,Levien, R.(2004).Keystones and Dominators: Framing Operating and Technology Strategy in a Business Ecosystem.Boston:Harvard Business School.
  73. Ili, S.,Albers, A.,Miller, S.(2010).Open Innovation in the Automotive Industry.R&D Management,40(3),246-255.
  74. Jain, S.,George, G.(2007).Technology Transfer Offices as Institutional Entrepreneurs: The Case of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and Human Embryonic Stem Cells.Industrial and Corporate Change,16(4),535-567.
  75. Jolly, S.,Raven, R.(2015).Collective Institutional Entrepreneurship and Contestations in Wind Energy in India.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,42(C),999-1011.
  76. Kazanjian, R. K.(1988).Relation of Dominant Problems to Stages of Growth in Technology-based New Ventures.Academy of Management Journal,31(2),257-279.
  77. Kemp, R.(1994).Technology and the Transition to Environmental Sustainability: The Problem of Technological Regime Shifts.Futures,26(10),1023-1046.
  78. Kim, D.-J.,Kogut, B.(1996).Technological Platforms and Diversification.Organization Science,7(3),283-301.
  79. Kim, S. K.,Lee, B. G.,Park, B. S.,Oh, K. S.(2011).The Effect of R&D, Technology Commercialization Capabilities and Innovation Performance.Technological and Economic Development of Economy,17(4),563-578.
  80. Kostoff, R. N.(1999).Science and Technology Innovation.Technovation,19(10),593-604.
  81. Krücken, G.(2003).Mission Impossible? Institutional Barriers to the Diffusion of the ‘Third Academic Mission’ at German Universities.International Journal of Technology Management,25(1-2),18-33.
  82. Kuhn, T. S.(1962).The Structure of Scientifi Revolutions.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
  83. Kvasny, L.,Truex, D.(2001).Defining away the Digital Divide: A Content Analysis of Institutional Influences on Popular Representations of Technology.Working Conference on Realigning Research and Practice in Information Systems Development: The Social and Organizational Perspective,Boston, MA:
  84. Landoni, M.(2017).Innovation Policy in Progress. Institutional Intermediation in Public Procurement of Innovation: Satellite Telecommunications in Italy.R&D Management,47(4),583-594.
  85. Latzer, M.(2009).Information and Communication Technology Innovations: Radical and Disruptive?.New Media & Society,11(4),599-619.
  86. Laurell, C.,Sandström, C.(2016).Analysing Uber in Social Media - Disruptive Technology or Institutional Disruption?.International Journal of Innovation Management,20(05),1-19.
  87. Lee, K.,Lim, C.(2001).Technological Regimes, Catching-up and Leapfrogging: Findings from the Korean Industries.Research Policy,30(3),459-483.
  88. Lee, T.-L.,Von Tunzelmann, N.(2005).A Dynamic Analytic Approach to National Innovation Systems: The IC Industry in Taiwan.Research Policy,34(4),425-440.
  89. Lewis, J. I.,Wiser, R. H.(2007).Fostering a Renewable Energy Technology Industry: an International Comparison of Wind Industry Policy Support Mechanisms.Energy Policy,35(3),1844-1857.
  90. Li., Y.-R.(2009).The Technological Roadmap of Cisco’s Business Ecosystem.Technovation,29(5),379-386.
  91. Dindo Lin，2018，「從亞馬遜賣書到世界首富，貝佐斯的戰略與爭議」，https://technews.tw/2018/08/06/from-books-to-behemoth-amazon-jeff-bezos/, accessed on May 1, 2021。(Lin, D., 2018, “Bezos’ Strategy and Controversy from Amazon Selling Books to the World’s Richest Man,” https://technews.tw/2018/08/06/from-books-to-behemoth-amazon-jeff-bezos/, accessed on May 1, 2021.)
  92. Louca, I.,Freeman, C.,Louca, F.,Louça, F.,Louçâ, F.,Iseg, F. L.(2001).As Time Goes by: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  93. Lucas, H. C., Jr.,Goh, J. M.(2009).Disruptive Tchnology: How Kodak Missed the Digital Photography Revolution.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,18(1),46-55.
  94. Lundvall, B. Å.(1985).Product Innovation and User-producer Interaction.The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope,19(2),19-60.
  95. Lundvall, B. Å.(2010).National Systems of Innovation: Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning.London:Anthem Press.
  96. Lynskey, M. J.(2006).Transformative Technology and Institutional Transformation: Coevolution of Biotechnology Venture Firms and the Institutional Framework in Japan.Research Policy,35(9),1389-1422.
  97. Maguire, S.,Hardy, C.,Lawrence, T. B.(2004).Institutional Entrepreneurship in Emerging Fields: HIV/AIDS Treatment Advocacy in Canada.Academy of Management Journal,47(5),657-679.
  98. Maine, E.,Garnsey, E.(2006).Commercializing Generic Technology: The Case of Advanced Materials Ventures.Research Policy,35(3),375-393.
  99. Markard, J.,Wirth, S.,Truffer, B.(2016).Institutional Dynamics and Technology Legitimacy - A Framework and a Case Study on Biogas Technology.Research Policy,45(1),330-344.
  100. Markman, G. D.,Siegel, D. S.,Wright, M.(2008).Research and Technology Commercialization.Journal of Management Studies,45(8),1401-1423.
  101. May，2017，「CAR-T 引爆腫瘤治療戰火、台廠拚突圍」，https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=13905, accessed on May 1, 2021。(May, 2017, “Taiwan Biotechnology Companies Fight to Break through Cancer Treatment Wars by CAR-T Cell Therapy,” https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=13905, accessed on May 1, 2021.)
  102. Metcalfe, S.(1995).The Economic Foundations of Technology Policy: Equilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives.Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change,Oxford:
  103. Montero, J.-P.(2002).Permits, Standards, and Technology Innovation.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,44(1),23-44.
  104. Moore, J. F.(1993).Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition.Harvard Business Review,71(3),75-86.
  105. Moors, E. H. M.,Fischer, P.K.,Boon, W. P. C.,Schellen, F.,Negro, S.O.(2018).Institutionalisation of Markets: The Case of Personalised Cancer Medicine in the Netherlands.Technological Forecasting & Social Change,128(C),133-143.
  106. Munir, K. A.,Phillips, N.(2005).The Birth of the ‘Kodak Moment’: Institutional Entrepreneurship and the Adoption of New Technologies.Organization Studies,26(11),1665-1687.
  107. Naphade, M.,Banavar, G.,Harrison, C.,Paraszczak, J.,Morris, R.(2011).Smarter Cities and Their Innovation Challenges.Computer,44(6),32-39.
  108. Nelson, R. R.(1992).National Innovation Systems: Retrospective on a Study.Industrial and Corporate Change,1(2),347-374.
  109. Nelson, R. R.,Winter, S. G.(1977).In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovation.Research Policy,6(1),36-76.
  110. Nordmann, A.(2004).Converging Technologies: Shaping the Future of European Societies.Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  111. Oliver, C.(1991).Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes.Academy of Management Review,16(1),145-179.
  112. Owen-Smith, J.,Powell, W. W.(2001).To Patent or Not: Faculty Decisions and Institutional Success at Technology Transfer.The Journal of Technology Transfer,26(1-2),99-114.
  113. Peltoniemi, M.,Vuori, E.(2004).Business Ecosystem as the New Approach to Complex Adaptive Business Environments.Proceedings of eBusiness Research Forum,2(22),267-281.
  114. Perkmann, M.,Walsh, K.(2007).University-Industry Relationships and Open Innovation: Towards a Research Agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,9(4),259-280.
  115. Poetz, M. K.,Prügl, R.(2010).Crossing Domain-specific Boundaries in Search of Innovation: Exploring the Potential of Pyramiding.Journal of Product Innovation Management,27(6),897-914.
  116. Porter, M. E.(1985).Technology and Competitive Advantage.The Journal of Business Strategy,5(3),60-78.
  117. Reischauer, G.(2018).Industry 4.0 as Policy-driven Discourse to Institutionalize Innovation Systems in Manufacturing.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,132(C),26-33.
  118. Romanelli, E.,Tushman, M. L.(1994).Organizational Transformation as Punctuated Equilibrium: An Empirical Test.Academy of Management Journal,37(5),1141-1166.
  119. Rothaermel, F. T.(2000).Technological Discontinuities and the Nature of Competition.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,12(2),149-160.
  120. Sahal, D.(1981).Alternative Conceptions of Technology.Research Policy,10(1),2-24.
  121. Samara, E.,Georgiadis, P.,Bakouros, I.(2012).The Impact of Innovation Policies on the Performance of National Innovation Systems: A System Dynamics Analysis.Technovation,32(11),624-638.
  122. Sandberg, B.,Aarikka-Stenroos, L.(2014).What Makes it so Difficult? A Systematic Review on Barriers to Radical Innovation.Industrial Marketing Management,43(8),1293-1305.
  123. Santoro, M. D.,Chakrabarti, A. K.(2002).Firm Size and Technology Centrality in Industry-university Interactions.Research Policy,31(7),1163-1180.
  124. Sapienza, A. M.(1989).R&D Collaboration as a Global Competitive Tactic -Biotechnology and the Ethical Pharmaceutical Industry.R&D Management,19(4),285-295.
  125. Saxenian, A.(1996).Regional Advantage.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
  126. Schmidt, G. M.,Druehl, C. T.(2008).When is a Disruptive Innovation Disruptive?.Journal of Product Innovation Management,25(4),347-369.
  127. Schumpeter, J. A., 1934, The Theory of Economic Development, 1st, Cambridge: Harvard Economic Studies
  128. Scott, W. R.(1995).Institutions and Organizations.Thousand Oak. Cal:Sage Publications.
  129. Seo, M.-G.,Creed, W. D.(2002).Institutional Contradictions, Praxis, and Institutional Change: A Dialectical Perspective.Academy of Management Review,27(2),222-247.
  130. Shih, H.-Y.,Chang, P.-L.(2009).Industrial Innovation Networks in Taiwan and China: A Comparative Analysis.Technology in Society,31(2),176-186.
  131. Siegel, D. S.,Phan, P.(2005).Analyzing the Effectiveness of University Technology Transfer: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education.Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth,16(1),1-38.
  132. Sine, W. D.,Shane, S.,Gregorio, D. D.(2003).The Halo Effect and Technology Licensing: The Influence of Institutional Prestige on the Licensing of University Inventions.Management Science,49(4),478-496.
  133. Smink, M.,Koch, H.,Niesten, E.,Negro, S.,Hekkert, M.(2015).Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Emerging Renewable Energy Field: Incumbents versus New Entrants.Innovation Studies Utrecht (ISU) Working Paper Series,15(01),1-48.
  134. Sotarauta, M.,Mustikkamäki, N.(2015).Institutional Entrepreneurship, Power, and Knowledge in Innovation Systems: Institutionalization of Regenerative Medicine in Tampere, Finland.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy,33(2),342-357.
  135. Stinchcombe, A.(1965).Social Structure and Organizations.Bingley:Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  136. Teigland, R.,Yetis, Z.,Larsson, T.(2013).Breaking out of the Bank in Europe -awaExploring Collective Emergent Institutional Entrepreneurship through Bitcoin.Proceedings of the Swedish Network for European Studies in Economics and Business Conference,Sweden:
  137. Tumbas, S.,Berente, N.,Brocke, J. V.(2018).Digital Innovation and Institutional Entrepreneurship: Chief Digital Officer Perspectives of their Emerging Role.Journal of Information Technology,33(3),188-202.
  138. Tushman, M. L.,Anderson, P.(1986).Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments.Administrative Science Quarterly,31(3),439-465.
  139. Van den Ende, J.,Kemp, R.(1999).Technological Transformations in History: How the Computer Regime Grew out of Existing Computing Regimes.Research Policy,28(8),833-851.
  140. Van den Hoed, R.(2007).Sources of Radical Technological Innovation: The Emergence of Fuel Cell Technology in the Automotive Industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,15(11-12),1014-1021.
  141. Walker, W.(2000).Entrapment in Large Technology Systems: Institutional Commitment and Power Relations.Research Policy,29(7-8),833-846.
  142. Wang, P.,Swanson, E. B.(2007).Launching Professional Services Automation: Institutional Entrepreneurship for Information Technology Innovations.Information and Organization,17(2),59-88.
  143. Wilson, T. D.(2014).The E-book Phenomenon: A Disruptive Technology.Libellarium: Journal for the Research of Writing, Books, and Cultural Heritage Institutions,6(1-2),3-12.
  144. Wright, M.(2014).Academic Entrepreneurship, Technology Transfer and Society: Where Next?.The Journal of Technology Transfer,39(3),322-334.
  145. Wright, M.,Birley, S.,Mosey, S.(2004).Entrepreneurship and University Technology Transfer.The Journal of Technology Transfer,29(3-4),235-246.
  146. Zahra, S. A.,Nielsen, A. P.(2002).Sources of Capabilities, Integration and Technology Commercialization.Strategic Management Journal,23(5),377-398.
  147. 江星翰，2021，「電動機車大戰政策利多掀戰火光陽、三陽電車圍剿 Gogoro」，https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20210426fin001/?utm_source=mmweb&utm_medium=editorchoice, accessed on April 30, 2021。(Jiang, S. H., 2021, “The Electric Motorcycles Wage War to Bullish Policy: Kymco and Sym Encircle and Supress Gogoro,” https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20210426fin001/?utm_source=mmweb&utm_medium=editorchoice, accessed on April 30, 2021.)
  148. 蔡雪綸，2021，「COVID-19 疫苗領跑者優勢！輝瑞疫苗 2021 年銷售額預計達 150 億美元」，http://www.genetinfo.com/international-news/item/45424.html, accessed on May 1, 2021。(Tsai, H. L., 2021, “The COVID-19 Vaccine Leader Advantage! Pfizer Vaccine Sales will be Expected to Reach 15 Billion US Dollars in 2021,” http://www.genetinfo.com/international-news/item/45424.html, accessed on May 1, 2021.)
  149. 蔡維原，2021，「淺談 mRNA 藥物發展近況」，https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/doit/industrytech/IndustryTech.aspx?menu_id=13545&it_id=357, accessed on April 30, 2021。(Tsai, W. Y., 2021, “Talking about the Recent Development of mRNA Drugs,” https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/doit/industrytech/IndustryTech.aspx?menu_id=13545&it_id=357, accessed on April 30, 2021.)
print cancel