追求烏克蘭獨立抑背叛？―從第三者的視角論馬捷帕

The Struggle for Ukrainan Independence: Other Views than Those of Mazepa and Peter Ⅰ

10.29439/FJHJ.200612.0006

周雪舫(Hsien-Fang Chou)

馬捷帕 ； 彼得一世 ； 查理十二 ； 烏克蘭獨立 ； 背叛 ； Mazepa ； Peter Ⅰ ； Charles XII ； Ukrainan independence ； traitor

輔仁歷史學報

18期（2006 / 12 / 01）

417 - 465

繁體中文

接受俄羅斯保護的烏克蘭「哥薩克國」領袖馬捷帕成為歷史上爭論的人物，源自俄羅斯與瑞典進行「大北方戰爭」(1700-1721)期間馬捷帕拒絕彼得一世沙皇軍援之令，反與瑞典國王查理十二結盟對抗俄羅斯，彼得一世宣判馬捷帕為「背叛者」。俄軍於1709年「波爾塔瓦戰役」中重挫瑞典軍隊，數月之後，馬捷帕去世。之後的俄羅斯與烏克蘭史家有兩極化的評價：有些史家視馬捷帕的行為係追求烏克蘭獨立，尊為烏克蘭的民族英雄；有些史家視馬捷帕背叛彼得一世。此外，同時代駐俄羅斯的外交官、軍官、新聞記者如何看待馬捷帕「背叛」之事？後代的文學家、音樂家、畫家等藝術家又是如何看待此事？本文從文化的交流層面探討文化接觸的中間人是如何看待馬捷帕―馬捷帕與查理十二結盟係追求烏克蘭獨立，抑如同彼得一世所宣判的「背叛者」？

The Ukrainian Cossack State was Russian protectorate since 1654. Mazepa was the Hetman of Cossack State in 1687-1708, who became a controversial figure in history. The controversy resulted from the Battle of Poltava (1709) between Russia and Sweden, Mazepa did not send Cossack Regiments against Sweden, on the contrary, Mazepa and Charles XII concluded the secret alliance, to be opposed to Peter Ⅰ, Both Mazepa and Charles XII were failure in the Battle of Poltava, Mazepa was died after some months. Peter Ⅰ condemned Mazepa as a traitor. Mazepa stubbornly claimed that he had the right to choose the other protector, while Peter did not protect the Cossack State. The personality and activities of Mazepa have been called to the attention not only of contemporary diplomats, statesmen, journalists, and many historians, but also of poets, such as Byron, Hugo, Pushkin, Ryleyev, and Slowacki; composers, such as Liszt, Maurer, Pedrotti, and Tchaikovsky; and painters, such as Delacroix, Gèricault, Boulanger, Chassériau, Vernet and Millet. The focus of this thesis is the struggle for Ukrainian independence from other views than those of Mazepa and Peter Ⅰ.

1. 周雪舫(2002)。從自治到依附：赫梅利尼茨基與烏克蘭哥薩克的轉變。國立政治大學歷史學報，19，414-428。
   連結：
2. Mykhailo Hrushevsky, A History of Ukraine, Second Printing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941), p. 283.
3. Institut Istorii Akademii Nauk SSSR ed., Pisma i bumagi Imperatora Petra Velikogo (Sanktpeterburg: Pervaia Gosudarstvennaia Tipografiia, 1918), Vol. VII, Part 1, No. 2187, p. 36.
4. Adlerfeld, Histoire Miitaire de Charles XII, Riode Suède (Amsterdam: 1740), Vol. III.
5. Vozniak, "Benderska Komisja po smerty Mazepy," Pratsi Ukrainskoho naukovoho instytutu, (Warsaw: 1938), Vol. 46, p. 107.
6. http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dm10www/1649code.html; http://www.angelfire.com/retre/vasily_khukov/lawl.html
7. "Pylyp Orlyk's Letter to Stefan Iavors'kyi (1721): An Eye-Witness Account of HetmanIvan Mazepa's Defection", in Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century, Appendices, pp. 201-202.
8. Institut istorii Akademii Nauk SSSR ed., Pisma i bumagi imperatora Petra Velikago, Vol.VIII, Part 2, No. 2759, pp. 864-865.
9. V. A. Romanovskii, Perepis' naseleniia levoberezhn i Ukrainy 1660 goda［一六六○年代左岸烏克蘭人口調查］(Stavropol': s. n., 1967), p. 45.
10. Zapysky NaukovohoTovarystva n im. Shevchenka (1896), p. 14. Quoted from Subtelny, "Russia and theUkraine: The Difference that Peter I Made," p. 15.
11. B. H. Sumner, Peter the Great and the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Basil Blackwell & Mott Ltd., 1949), p. 21.
12. Charles W. Whitworth, An Account of Russia as it Was in the Year 1710 (Printed at Strawberry-Hill, 1758), p. 24
13. Russia ed., Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii: 1649-1825, Vol. 6, no. 3988 (April 29, 1722): 667-668; Vol. 6, no. 3989 (April 29, 1722): 668; Vol. 6, no. 3990 (April29, 1722): 668-670.
14. "M. Hrushevskyi, "Vyhovs" kyi i Mazepa," Literaturno-narkovyi vistinyk ( L'viv), No. 4(1909): 417-429.
15. Pis'ma i bumagi imperatora Petra Velikogo［彼得大帝書信和文件集］, ed. by Institut Istorii Akademii Nauk SSSR (Moskva:Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1948), Vol. VIII, Part. 1, p. 153.
16. W. E. D. Allen, The Ukraine: A History (Cambridge: At The University Press, 1941), p.177.
17. Nikolai Ivanovich.Kostomarov, Mazepa i mazepintsy［馬捷帕和馬捷帕份子］(Sanktpeterburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1885), pp. 32-33.
18. Russia ed., Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii: 1649-1825［俄羅斯帝國法律全集：1649-1825年］(Sanktpeterburg: Tipografii II Otdieleniia Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskago VelichestvaKantseliarii, 1830), Vol. I, no. 398 (January 30, 1667): 656-669.
19. Theodore Mackiw, "A Brief Biography of Mazepa Hetman of Ukraine and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,1639-1709," p. 77
20. Nicholas D. Czubatyj, "The Meaning of 'Russia' and 'Ukraine'," The Ukrainian Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 4 (September 1945): 351.
21. "Peter to Fedor Matveevichy Apraksin, 30 October 1708," in Pisma i bumagi Imperatora Petra Velikogo, ed. By Institut Istorii Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. VIII, Part 1, No. 1, doc. 2786, p. 253.
22. Kommissiia Pechatniia Gosudarstvennykh Gramot i Dogovorov ed., Sobranie Gosudarstvennykh Gramot i Dogovorov Khraniashchikhsia v Gosudarstvennoi Kollegii Inostrannykh del (Moskva: V Tipografii S. Selivanovskago, 1828), Vol. III, no. 12(September 23, 1658), p. 38.
23. P. Miliukov, Gosudarstvennoe Khoziaistvo Rossii v pervoi chetverti XVIII stolietiia ireforma Petra Velikogo［十八世紀前二十五年彼得大帝改革時期的俄羅斯國家經濟統治］, 2nd. Edition (Sanktpeterburg: Tipografii M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1905), p. 96.
24. Basarab, John(1982).Pereiaslav 1654: A Historiographical Study.Edmonton, Alberta:the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, The University of Alberta.
25. Cracaft, James(2004).The Petrine Revolution in Culture.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
26. de la Neuville, Foy,Cutshall, J. A.(trans.)(1994).A Curious and New Account of Muscovy in the Year 1689.London:University of London.
27. Donzow, Dmytro(1956).The Campaign of Charles XII in Ukraine.The Ukrainian Review,III(3),47.
28. Doroshenko, Dmytro,Gerus, Oleh W.(ed. introduction)(1975).A Survey of Ukrainian History.Winnipeg, Canada:Humeniuk PublicationFoundation.
29. Dziewanowski, M. K.(1963).Dualism or Trialism ? Polish Federal Tradition.Slavonic and East European Review,41,442-466.
30. Fisher, Alan W.(1973).Azov in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropa,21(2),161-162.
31. Gieysztor, Aleksander(1968).History of Poland.Warszawa:Polish Scientific Publishers.
32. Gudzenko, P. P.(ed.)(1953).Vossoedinenie Ukrainy s Rossiei Dokumenty i Materialy v Trekh Tomakh.Moskva:Izdtel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.
33. Hatton, R. M.(1968).Chares XII of Sweden.London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
34. Hellie, Richard(trans. ed.)(1988).The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649 , Part I: Text and Translation.Irvine, California:Charles Schlacks Js. Publishers.
35. Hrushevki, Mykhailo,Olynyk, Marta Daria(trans.)(2002).History of Ukraine-Rus', Volume 8, The Cossack Age, 1626-1650.Edmonton, Alberta:Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.
36. Institut Istorii Akademii Nauk SSSR(ed.)(1951).Pis'ma i bumagi imperatora Petra Velikogo.Moskva:Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.
37. Kami''nski, A.(1977).The Cossack Experiment in Szlachta Democracy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The Hadiach (Hadziacz) Union.Harvard Ukrainian Studies,1(2),185-93.
38. Kommissiia, Arkheograficheskaia(ed.)(1970).Akty otnosiashchiesia k istorii Iuzhnoi i Zapadno i Rossii, sobrannye i Rossii izdnnye Arkheograficheskoiu kommissieiu.The Hague:Mouton.
39. Krupnytsky, Borys(1956).The Swedish- Ukrainian Treaties of Alliance1708-1709.The Ukrainian Quarterly,XII(1),47.
40. Lewitter, L. R.(1957).Mazepa.History Today,VII(9),593-594.
41. Lewitter, L. R.(1964).The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1687 and Its Antecedents.Polish Review,IX(4),21-37.
42. Lewitter, L. R.(1964).The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and Its Antecedents.Polish Review,IX(3),5-23.
43. Lypynsky, Vyacheslav(1953).The Ukraine At The Turn Point.The Annals Ukrainian Academy of Artist & Sciences in the United States,III(2(8)),609.
44. Mackiw, Theodore(1984).A Brief Biography of Mazepa: Hetmen of Ukraine and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 1639-1709.The Ukrainian Review,XXXII(1),54.
45. Magosci, Paul R.(1996).A History of Ukraine.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
46. Manning, Clarence A.(1957).Hetman of Ukraine, Ivan Mazeppa.New York:Bookman Associates, Publishers.
47. Manning, Clarence A.(1957).Hetman of Ukraine Ivan Mazeppa.New York:Bookman Associates, Publishers.
48. O''Brien, C. Bickford(1963).Muscovy and the Ukraine: From the Pereiaslavl Agreement to the Truce of Andrusovo, 1654-1667.Berkeley and Los Angles, California:University of California Press.
49. Pavlenko, N. I.(ed.)(1973).Rossiia v period reform Petra I.Moskva:Nauka.
50. Perfecky, George A.(1981).Mazepa's Speech To His Countrymen.Journal of Ukrainian Studies,VI(2),68-71.
51. Pernal, A. B.(1983).The Initial Step Towards the Union of Hadiach: Bieniewskïs First Diplomatic Mission to Ukraine in 1657.Canadian Slavonic Papers,XXV(2),284-300.
52. Pipes, Richard(1974).Russia under the Old Regime.London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
53. Potichnyj, Peter J.(ed.)(1980).Poland and Ukraine: Past and Present.Edmonton, Toronto:The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
54. Pritsak, Omeljan(1978).Concerning the Union of Hadjac (1658).Harvard Ukrainian Studies,11(1),116-118.
55. Rady, Martyn(1990).Russia, Poland and the Ukraine, 1462-1725.London:Hodder & Stoughton.
56. Riasanovsky, N.(1977).A History of Russia.New York:Oxford University Press.
57. Rich, Vera(1959).Two Poems of Hetman Ivan Mazeppa.The Ukrainian Review,VI(3),47-48.
58. Subtelny(1978).Mazepa, Peter I, And the Question of Treason.Harvard Ukrainian Studies,II(2),183.
59. Subtelny, Orest(1980).Russia and the Ukraine: The Difference that Peter I Made.The Russian Review,XXXIX(1),4-5.
60. Subtelny, Orest(1990).Ukraine: A History.Toronto:University of Toronto.
61. Subtelny, Orest(1978).Mazepa, Peter I, and the Question of Treason.Harvard Ukrainian Studies,II(2),171.
62. Subtelny, Orest(1981).The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century.New York:Columbia University Press.
63. Subtelny, Orest(ed.)(1975).On the Eve of Poltava: The Letters of Ivan Mazepa To Adam Sieniawski 1704-1708.New York:The Ukrainiaan Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States, Inc..
64. 李邁先(2002)。東歐諸國史。台北:三民書局。
65. 周雪舫(2003)。俄國國名演變之探討。天主教輔仁大學歷史學系成立四十週年學術研討會論文集，台北:
66. 周雪舫(2000)。論哥薩克人的形成。輔仁歷史學報，11，1-21。

1. 周雪舫(2007)。十八世紀哥薩克國自治權與社會的轉變。輔仁歷史學報，19，221-280。
2. (2006)。追求烏克蘭獨立抑背叛？─從第三者的視角論馬捷帕。輔仁歷史學報，18，417-466。