貝舒（Mary McLeod Bethune）的教育思想，1904－1923

Ideology on Black Education of Mary McLeod Bethune in Her Early Years, 1904-1923

10.29439/FJHJ.200901.0006

黃文齡(Wen-Ling Huang)

貝舒 ； 德通納學校 ； 華辛頓 ； 杜包斯 ； 黑人歷史 ； 進步主義 ； Mary McLeod Bethune ； Daytona Institute ； Booker T. Washington ； W.E.B. Du Bois ； black history ； Progressivism

輔仁歷史學報

22期（2009 / 01 / 01）

195 - 236

繁體中文

貝舒是著名的黑人教育家，在佛羅里達州成立德通納學校，實踐其教育理念。在學校的課程設計上，兼顧了黑人女性學生在心靈、道德與知識上全方位的需要。貝舒重視職業訓練課程與通識教育，增加知識面的廣度與多樣性，為黑人女性開啟另一扇大門。無論是推動職業訓練課程，或重視黑人女性教育，都是希望扭轉外界對於黑人女性的觀感，建立外在形象。但貝舒更重視黑人如何看待自己，透過強調歷史教育的重要性，讓黑人更瞭解自己的祖先，強化黑人的自信心，藉此教育黑人思考作為一個黑人的意義。在20世紀無論是種族隔離政策或南方進步主義者所進行的教育改革，黑人文化已經被邊緣化，而進步主義者又想透過教育傳遞，強力干預黑人的生活與思想。綜觀當時的環境氛圍，突顯了貝舒強調黑人歷史的重要性。在尋求種族認同的過程中，是一種感情的、非理性的立場，但重視黑人歷史不但將種族認同具體化，也是讓黑人重新認識自己種族的開始。因此從時代背景中，益發凸顯了貝舒教育理念的重要性。

Mary McLeod Bethune was a famous black educator who fulfilled her ideal by establishing the Daytona Educational and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls in Daytona Beach, Florida. To provide students a better education, she introduced elements such as spirituality, morality, and knowledge into curriculum. By highlighting comprehensiveness and diversity of both vocational and general education, she created a new passage for black females. Whether in promoting vocational training courses or emphasizing on black female education, Bethune strived hard to calibrate the stereotypes of black females. And what was concerned with the educator was how African Americans looked upon themselves; therefore, calling attention to history allowed blacks to re-familiarize their ancestors, build their confidence, and reexamine their identities as African Americans. Black culture had long been marginalized as a result of racial segregation and educational reforms that were conducted by the Southern Progressives who imposed their value on colored people. Although seeking racial identification was emotional, it was history that rationalized/concreted the process of identification, and reoriented blacks to their own origins. Under a social-historical context, Bethune signified not only the importance of black history but also her devotion toward black female education.

1. Bethune, M. M. (1938). Clarifying our vision with the facts. Journal of Negro History, 23, 1: 10-15.
2. Kilpatrick, W. H. (1938). Foreword. In B. G. Gallagher, American caste and the Negro college (pp. vii-xii). New York: Columbia University Press.
3. Kilpatrick, W. H. (1935). Resort to courts by Negroes to improve their schools: A conditional alternative. Journal of Negro Education, 4, 3: 412-418.
4. Jackson, R. E. (1938). A democratic philosophy for Negro teacher education institutions. Quarterly Review of Higher Education among Negroes, 6: 108-122
5. Du Bois, W. E. B. (1897). Strivings of the Negro people. Atlantic Monthly, 80: 194-198.
6. Wilkerson, D. A. (1936). A determination of the peculiar problems of Negroes in contemporary American society. Journal of Negro Education, 5, 3: 324-350.
7. Jones, T. J. (1908). Social studies in the Hampton curriculum. Hampton, VA: Hampton Institute Press.
8. Davis, E. L. (1933). Lifting as they climb. Washington, DC: National Association of Colored Women.
9. Dickson, M. (1907). Manual of the international order of twelve knights and daughters of labor. Glasgow, MO: Moses Dickson Pub. Co.
10. White, W. (1932). The progressive school and the race problem. School and Home, 15: 33-36.
11. Bethune, M. M. (1935). The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History: Its contributions to our modern life. Journal of Negro History, 20, 4: 406-410
12. Crummell, A. (1881). The black woman of the South: Her neglects and her needs. Washington, DC: Author.
13. Stillman, C. (1924). A tourist in Florida. Crisis: 171-174.
14. Brownlee, F. L. (1944). Educational program for the improvement of race relations: Philanthropic foundations. Journal of Negro Education, 13, 3: 329-339.
15. (1993).The 50 most influential figures in black history.Ebony,48(4),122-142.
16. Bethune, M. M. (1939). The adaptation of the history of the Negro to the capacity of the child. Journal of Negro History, 24, 1: 9-13.
17. Anderson, D. J.(1988).The education of black in the South, 1860-1935.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
18. Becker, W. H.(1999).The black church: Manhood and mission.A question of manhood: A reader in U.S. black men's history and masculinity,Bloomington:
19. Bennett, L., Jr.(1989).The 50 most important figures in black American history.Ebony,49(4),176-187.
20. Berry, M. F.(1982).Twentieth-century black women in education.Journal of Negro Education,51(3),288-300.
21. Bond, H. M.(1966).The education of the Negro in the American social order.New York:Octagon Books.
22. Bowie, William R.(1963).Women of light.New York:Harper.
23. Carlson, S. J.(1992).Black ideals of womanhood in the late Victorian era.Journal of Negro History,77(2),61-73.
24. Carruth, E. K.(1966).She wanted to read: The story of Mary McLeod Bethune.New York:Abingdon Press.
25. Curtin, M. E.(2001).Coming of age: Black women's history in the 1990s.Women's History Review,10(2),353-362.
26. Daniel, S. I.(1970).Women builders.Washington, DC:Associated Publishers.
27. Du Bois, W. E. B.(1989).The souls of black folk.New York:Penguin.
28. Frazier, E. F.(1957).Black bourgeoisie.New York:Macmillan.
29. Giddings, P.(1984).When and where I Enter: The impact of black women on race and sex in America.New York:W. Morrow.
30. Goodenow, R. K.(1978).Paradox in progressive educational reform: The South and the education of blacks in the depression years.Phylon,39(1),49-65.
31. Gordon, L. D.(1990).Gender and higher education in the Progressive Era.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
32. Grantham, D. W.(1983).South progressivism: The reconciliation of progress and tradition.Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press.
33. Greenfield, E.(1977).Mary McLeod Bethune.New York:Crowell.
34. Guy-Sheftall, B.(Ed.)(1996).Words of fire: An anthology of African-American feminist thought.New York:New Press.
35. Halasa, M.(1989).Mary McLeod Bethune.New York:Chelsea House Publishers.
36. Hanson, J. A.(2003).Mary McLeod Bethune and black women's political activism.Columbia:University of Missouri Press.
37. Harlan, L. R.(1972).Booker T. Washington: The making of a black leader, 1856-1901.New York:Oxford University Press.
38. Harley, S.(Ed.),Terborg-Penn, R.(Ed.)(1997).The Afro-American woman: Struggles and images.Baltimore:Black Classic Press.
39. Higginbotham, E.(1980).Issues in contemporary sociological work on black women.Humanity and Society,4,226-242.
40. Higginbotham, E. B.(1993).Righteous discontent: The women's movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
41. Hine, D. C.(Ed.)(1990).Black women in United States history(Vol. 11).New York:Carlson.
42. Holt, R.(1964).Mary McLeod Bethun; a biography.Garden City, NY:Doubleday.
43. Howard, W. T.,Howard, V. M.(1994).Family, religion, and education: A profile of African-American life in Tampa, Florida, 1900-1930.Journal of Negro History,79(1),1-17.
44. Jones, M. D.(1999)."Without compromise or fear": Florida's African American female activist.Florida Historical Quarterly,77(4),481.
45. Kelso, R.(1993).Building a dream: Mary McLeod Bethune's school.Austin, TX:Raintree Steck-Vaughn.
46. Lane, A. J.(Ed.)(1979).Mary Ritter Beard: A sourcebook.New York:Schocken Books.
47. Lavin, D. E.,Hyllegard, D.(1996).Changing the odds: Open admissions and the life chances of the disadvantaged.New Haven:Yale University Press.
48. Lerner, G.(Ed.)(1973).Black women in white America: A documentary history.New York:Random House.
49. Levine, L.(1977).Black culture and black consciousness.New York:Oxford University Press.
50. Linsin, C. E.(1997).Something more than a creed: Mary McLeod Bethune's aim of integrated autonomy as director of Negro affairs.Florida Historical Quarterly,76(1),20-41.
51. Lowenberg, B. J.(Ed.),Bogin, R.(Ed.)(1976).Black women in nineteenth-century American life.University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press.
52. McCandless, A. T.(1993).Progressivism and the higher education of southern women.North Carolina Historical Review,70(3),302-325.
53. McCluskey, A. T.(1994).Ringing up a school: Mary McLeod Bethune's impact on Daytona.Florida Historical Quarterly,73(2),200-217.
54. McCluskey, A. T.(1997)."We specialize in the wholly impossible": Black women school founders and their mission.Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,22(2),403-426.
55. McCluskey, A. T.(1994).Multiple consciousness in the leadership of Mary McLeod Bethune.NWSA Journal,6(1),69-81.
56. McCluskey, A. T.(Ed.),Smith, E. M.(Ed.)(2001).Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a better world.Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
57. McKissack, P. C.(1985).Mary McLeod Bethune: A great American educator.Chicago:Children's Press.
58. Meltzer, M.(1979).Mary McLeod Bethune: Voice of black hope.New York:Alfred Knopf.
59. Perkins, C. O.(1988).The pragmatic idealism of Mary McLeod Bethune.Sage: A Scholarly Journal of Black Women,5(2),30-36.
60. Perkins, L. M.(1993).The role of education in the development of black feminist thought, 1860-1920.History of Education,22(3),265-275.
61. Perkins, L. M.(1983).The impact of the "cult of true womanhood" on the education of black women.Journal of Social Issues,39(3),17-28.
62. Relph, A.(1979).The world center for women's archives, 1935-1940.Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,4(3),597-603.
63. Ross, B. J.(1975).Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration: A case study of power relationships in the Black Cabinet of Franklin D. Roosevelt.Journal of Negro History,60(1),1-28.
64. Rouse, J. A.(1991).Atlanta's African-American women's attack on segregation, 1900-1920.Gender, class, race and reform in the Progressive Era,Lexington:
65. Shaw, S.(1996).What a woman ought to be and to do: Black professional women workers in the Jim Crow era.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
66. Sicherman, B.(Ed.),Green, C. H.(Ed.)(1980).Notable American women: The modern period: A biographical dictionary.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
67. Smith, E. M.(1980).Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration.Clio was a woman: Studies in the history of American women,Washington, DC:
68. Smith, E. M.(1996).Mary McLeod Bethune's "last will and testament": A legacy for race vindication.Journal of Negro History,81(1),105.
69. Smith, J. C.(Ed.)(1992).Notable black American women.Detroit, MI:Gale Research.
70. Smith, S. N.(1982).Charlotte Hawkins Brown.Journal of Negro Education,51(3),191-206.
71. Sterne, E. G.(1957).Mary McLeod Bethune.New York:Knopf.
72. Washington, B. T.(1974).The standard printed version of the Atlanta Exposition Address.The Booker T. Washington Papers,Urbana:
73. Wesley, C. H.(1984).The history of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs: A legacy of service.Washington, DC:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs.
74. White, R. C., Jr.(1990).Liberty and justice for all: Racial reform and the social gospel (1877-1925).San Francisco:Harper & Row.
75. Williams, L. S.(Ed.),Boehm, R.(Ed.)(1993).Records of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, 1895-1992.Bethesda, MD:University Publications of America.
76. Wollstonecraft, M.,Poston, C. H.(Ed.)(1975).A vindication of the rights of woman.New York:Norton.
77. Woodson, C. G.(1968).The educator of the Negro prior to 1861.New York:Arno Press.
78. Woodward, C. V.(1951).Origins of the new South, 1877-1913.Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press.

1. 黃文齡(2015)。卡特．烏德遜對種族議題看法之研究 —以《黑人歷史會刊》為例，1937-1950。臺灣師大歷史學報，54，149-193。