彼得大帝西化改革的反對者：從宗教信仰層面探討

The Opponents to Peter the Great's Reforms: Perspective on the Religious Belief

10.29439/FJHJ.201103.0002

周雪舫(Hsien-Fang Chou)

彼得大帝 ； 西化改革 ； 剃鬍 ； 舊信徒 ； 反基督者 ； Peter the Great ； reform ； shaving beards ； Old Believers ； Antichrist

輔仁歷史學報

26期（2011 / 03 / 01）

39 - 82

繁體中文

俄國彼得大帝（Peter the Great, 1682-1725）進行大規模的西化改革，不僅接受西方的科技，也接受西方的習俗，引起下層者與教士階層的反對，舊信徒（Old Believers）更是延伸解讀聖經，極力反對剃鬍、穿西服、吸煙與更改曆法，反對的理由主要是違背宗教信仰。東正教會是彼得西化改革的主要障礙，為此彼得削弱其財力與教長（Patriarch）的權力，使教會無力再反對改革，如此俄羅斯文化才能夠朝向世俗化發展。教會人士雖以神職權力來自人間亦來自天國，此高過於沙皇的權力僅來自於人間，然而最終勝利者是彼得，將俄國傳統的「神權政體」（Caesaropapism）發揮至極致，使教會成為政府的行政部門。皇太子阿列克謝（Aleksei）亦反對西化改革，保守的高階神職人員與貴族與之結合。皇太子於1718年以叛國罪被判處死刑，此後反對改革的組織完全遭到破壞，彼得的西化改革得以進行。

The era of Peter the Great (1682-1725) made many reforms. He accepted the western technology and customs. The traditionalists those who are peasants, clergy, Old Believers, strel'tsy, Cossacks, townspeople, Tsarevich Aleksei and conservative nobles, to oppose all of reforms. In the eyes of the adherents of old Muscovy, the religious belief was the most significant. About shaving beards, wearing German clothes, smoking tobacco and changing calendar were condemned for violating tradition and religious belief.Peter the Great eliminated any opposition from the Orthodox Church. After 1700, Peter kept the vacant patriarch till 1721. The creation of the Church reform, the Spiritual Regulation of 1721, abolished the Patriarchate. The establishment of the Holy Synod in 1721, the Church was wholly subordinated to the state, to become a department of the state, eliminating the last restriction on the ruler's authority. The most obstreperous resistance to the Peter's Church Reform was the Old Believers, for them the reform was another confirmation of the reign of Antichrist.Tsarevich Aleksei was the son of Peter, he opposed Peter's reform. Aleksei closely contacted the priests, to support the old nobility, if he ascended the throne, he would restore Muscovite tradition than Western culture. Aleksei was sentenced to death in 1718, it closed to those in high circles who had reservations about Peter's reforms.

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