「經濟擴張」與「門戶開放」：論威廉‧艾普曼‧威廉斯（William Appleman Williams）解釋美國歷史的主要基礎

＂Economic Expansion＂ and ＂Open Door＂ An Analysis of William Appleman Williams's Interpretations of American History

盧令北(Ling-pei Lu)

美國史學 ； 美國外交史 ； 新保守派史學 ； 外交修正學派 ； 新左派史學 ； 威斯康辛學派 ； 經濟擴張 ； 門戶開放政策 ； 威廉斯 ； American Historiography ； American Diplomatic History ； Neo-Conservative History ； Revisionist School ； New Left historiography ； Wisconsin School ； Economic Expansion ； Open Door Policy ； William Appleman Williams

輔仁歷史學報

38期（2017 / 11 / 01）

1 - 38

繁體中文

威廉．艾普曼．威廉斯為美國1960年代興起的「新左派史學」健將，以及外交史學界「威斯康辛學派」以及「修正學派」的主要代表人物。異於1950年代的歷史學家強調美國歷史的和諧穩定與光明面，威廉斯以批判立場詮釋美國國家發展歷程，對他而言，「經濟擴張」與「門戶開放」的觀念與作為，在美國歷史中起了重要的作用，而其他因素的影響力則明顯較小。威廉斯批評美國外交政策一方面強調自由，另方面卻又慣以帝國主義方式遂行其自由理念，如此名實不符且言行不一的作為，讓美國在對外關係的發展過程中，所製造的問題遠多過於所解決的問題，讓美國外交史成為一齣悲劇。威廉斯對美國歷史的詮釋方式，雖時遭批評過於簡化與主觀，但他強調美國歷史發展過程中的現實面，不刻意以道德與利他等傳統色彩加以掩飾，確讓吾人對於美國的國家性格，有另一層面的認識。

William Appleman Williams was one of the major figures in the new left history in the 1960s, and the leader of the ＂Wisconsin school＂ of American diplomatic history. Different from the consensus historians in the 1950s who used to portray the harmonious, stable, and the bright sides in American history, Williams interpreted American history in a negative perspective, arguing that United States used to implement the ideas of liberty and freedom in an imperial way, the dynamic behind her foreign policies was economic expansion. Williams states that American diplomatic history was essentially a tragedy, the foreign policy of the United States made more troubles than she could resolve. Although Williams's views were frequently criticized by historians, his major interpretations exposed different aspects of American history and provided a further understanding of the United States of America.

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