英文摘要
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Tea culture in the middle and late Heian period developed in three directions: literati tea style, royal tea style, and monk tea style in Buddhist temples. They developed independently but also influenced each other. Among these three styles, the literati tea style can be represented by literati-scholars like Sugawara no Michizane, Shimada no Tadaomi, and Miyako no Yoshika. Their lives and mental status reflected the interesting ways of life in Heian period. From their tea poems, we can see the continuity of their tea style and that of the early Heian period; they shared similar pursuit of Taoist life of leisure and immortality and they drank tea in much the similar ways. The major difference was the form of tea style. Since the middle Heian period, tea culture permeated into life of literati and tea became an element of individual daily life.Generally speaking, the tea culture in late Heian period developed in multiple directions and merged into developments in arts and literature, Taoist practices towards immortality, and the medical uses of tea. This prepared the future cultural base for the Tao of Tea in Japan. However, in the late Heian period, the tea culture movement was not so stimulated as in early Heian period, because the literati tea style lacked new elements. The Buddhist tea style gradually replaced the literati tea style and became the new mainstream. In this period, however, the literati tea style focusing on the spirituality, daily-life practicality, and individualized manner had become the new characteristic of Japanese tea culture, establishing a solid cultural base for the essence of Japanese Tao of Tea.
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