史料與方法

Historical Materials and Methods

劉增泉(Tzeng-chyuan Liou)

史料來源 ； 知識論 ； 檔案 ； 來源批判 ； Historical sources ； Epistemology ； Archives ； Source critique

淡江史學

35期（2023 / 09 / 01）

33 - 58

繁體中文;英文

歷史方法論包括歷史學家用來調查過去事件以及書寫或改寫歷史的方法和程序。這些程序可能涉及求助於二手資料、一手資料、實物證據（例如來自考古學的資料）和其他輔助歷史學科（例如檔案科學）。歷史學家的技能在於識別這些來源，評估它們相對於其他來源的權威，並以適當的方式組合資料，以建立對事件、過去情况或古代概念的準確和可靠的看法。因此，歷史學家通過史學獲得了關於一個歷史主題或時期的史學作品。歷史方法的本質問題，甚至它作為科學方法的自我反思，由知識論（科學哲學、社會科學方法論）和歷史哲學討論，在某種意義上，由歷史學討論。歷史就是對過去的認識。這種認識是通過被稱為「來源」的檔案來實現的，歷史學家從中重建事實。歷史來源有幾種類型：沉默的來源：它們是遺跡。也就是說，所有過去的遺跡，如紀念碑、藝術品、骨頭、工具、珠寶、武器、硬幣……都是考古學家在地下發現的。檔案來源：它們是從人類知道文字開始就存在的。這些是法律文字、故事、宗教文字……所有當代人的作品。它們保存在檔案館。口頭來源：這些是事件的直接證人可以提供的證詞。因此，它們存在於最近的時期。這些口頭來源可以記錄下來保存。歷史學家使用他所研究的時代的文獻作為資料來源。如果說今天的藝術品代表了中世紀的一個場景，那就不是歷史的來源。這是一個重建。

The historical method or the methodology of history comprises the set of techniques, methods and procedures used by historians to investigate past events, and write or rewrite history. These procedures may involve resorting to secondary sources, primary sources, material evidence such as that derived from archeology, and other auxiliary disciplines of history such as archival science. The historian's skill lies in identifying these sources, evaluating their authority in relation to the others, and combining the information appropriately to construct an accurate and reliable view of events, past situations, or ancient concepts. As a result, historians obtain a set of writings about a historical topic or period through historiography. The question of the nature of the historical method and, even, its own reflection as a scientific method, is discussed by epistemology (philosophy of science, methodology of social sciences) and the philosophy of history and, in a certain sense, by the historiology. History is the understanding of the past. This understanding is achieved through archives called "sources", from which historians reconstruct facts. There are several types of historical sources. The source of silence: they are relics. In other words, all the relics of the past, such as monuments, works of art, bones, tools, jewelry, weapons, coins... Were discovered underground by archaeologists. Source of Archives: they have existed since human beings knew words. These are legal texts, stories, religious texts... Works of all contemporary people. They are kept in the archives. Oral sources: These are testimony that can be given by direct witnesses to the incident. they exist in recent times. These oral sources can be recorded and preserved. The historian used the literature of his time as a source of information. If today's art represents a scene in the middle ages, it is not the source of history. It's a reconstruction.

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