Testing Focus on Form with Taiwanese College Students: A Study on the Acquisition of English Simple Past Tense Verbs

注重語言形式教學法：以科技大學學生學習英語過去式動詞爲例

10.29539/CNABH.201012.0013

林志青(Chih-Chin Lin)

注重形式 ； 加強性語料輸入 ； 英語過去式動詞 ； 英語爲外語 ； 英語爲第二語言 ； Focus on Form ； Input Enhancement ； Simple Past Tense ； EFL ； ESL

嘉南學報（人文類）

36期（2010 / 12 / 01）

465 - 478

英文

七0、八0年代所盛行的溝通式教學法，展現了相當的成效，但溝通式教學法所教導的外語學習者常有語言輸出流利，卻不精確的現象。因此，第二語言習得的學者呼籲外語教學不僅要流利，也要精確。據此，本研究探討以注重語言形式教學法，教導某台灣科技大學學生學習英語過去式動詞的成效。本研究以台灣南部某科技大學的大一英文閱讀與寫作課37位學生爲對象，以注重語言形式教學法及加強性的語料輸入爲教法，溶入其使用的教材，探討這些學生學習英語過去式動詞的成效。研究使用的測量工具包含有選擇題式的前測和後測、段落寫作、以及五點李克特氏(five-point Likert scale)和簡答式的問卷調查。從學生的前測與後測結果比較，顯現出學生有顯著的進步。因此，也代表注重語言形式教學法有其正面效果。學生的問卷回答也表達了對注重語言形式教學法的正面看法。因此，學生對此一教學法方式的態度與學生測驗的進步也顯現出正面的相關性。本文也提出此一研究上之限制、有關注重語言形式教學法的教學應用和建議、以及後續的研究建議。

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been popular and accepted almost universally in the late twentieth century (Richards & Rodgers, 2001). However, non-native language (L2) learners' inaccurate output under CLT has been criticized (Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei, & Thurrell, 1997) and the demands for form-focused instruction have been called for accuracy, besides fluency, in L2 production (e.g., Doughty & Williams, 1 998a; Ellis, 1993; Long, 1991; Williams, 1995). Accordingly, this study was to investigate the effectiveness of focus on form (FonF) instruction with an EFL reading and writing class at a technical university in southern Taiwan. A mixed methods research design was adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data via a pretest, posttest, and questionnaire. Thirty-seven students participated in the current study of FonF instruction along with typographical input enhancement (Sharwood-Smith, 1993; White, 1998) and other FonF techniques. The results of the pretest and posttest show significant increase in gains, indicating that FonF instruction appears effective. in addition, the participants' answers to Likert scale questions and short answers to open-ended questions reveal their positive perspectives of the FonF approach. Limitations of this research are pointed out; further studies are proposed; and pedagogical implications for EFL context are suggested.

1. Wu, W.-S.(2006).What else after "How are you?"-Reflections on methodologies of English teaching in Taiwan.Journal of Education and Foreign Languages and Literature,2,71-81.
   連結：
2. Wilson, H. (2007). Focus on form: New perspectives of the roles of explicit and implicit knowledge, and input and output in second language acquisition. Unpublished manuscript, Alliant International University. San Diego, CA.
3. Abu Radwan, A.(1999).Washington, D. C.,Georgetown University.
4. Basturkmen, H.,Loewen, S.,Ellis, R.(2002).Metalanguage in Focus on Form in the Communicative Classroom.Language Awareness,11(1),1-13.
5. Beebe, L. M.(ed.)(1988).Issues in second language acquisition: Multiple perspectives.New York:Newbury House Publisher.
6. Burgess, J.,Etherington, S.(2002).Focus on grammatical form: Explicit or implicit?.System,30(4),433-458.
7. Celce-Murcia, M.,Dörnyei, Z.,Thurrell, S.(1997).Direct approaches in L2 instruction: A turning point in communicative language teaching?.TESOL Quarterly,141-152.
8. Chen, J.-F.(2006).Taipei, Taiwan,Ming Chuan University.
9. Cheng, Y.-c.(2007).The effect of two teaching methodologies on the acquisition of English verbals among five-year junior college students.the International Conference on English Education,Taiwan:
10. Chern, C.-L.(2003).English language teaching in Taiwan today.English language teaching in east Asia today,Singapore:
11. Doughty, C.,Williams, J.(1998).Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition.New York:Cambridge University Press.
12. Doughty, C.,Williams, J.(1998).Pedagogical choices in focus on form.Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition,New York:
13. Doughty, C.,Williams, J.(1998).Issues and terminology.Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition,New York:
14. Ellis, R.(2001).Introduction: Investigating form-focused instruction.Language Learning,51,1-46.
15. Ellis, R.(1993).The structural syllabus and second language acquisition.TESOL Quarterly,27(1),91-113.
16. Ellis, R.(2008).The study of second language acquisition.New York:Oxford University Press.
17. Ellis, R.(2002).Does form-focused instruction affect the acquisition of implicit knowledge?.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,24(2),223.
18. Fotos, S(1998).Shifting the focus from forms to form in the EFL classroom.ELT Journal,52(4),301.
19. Harley, B.,Swain, M.(1984).The interlanguage of immersion students and its implications for second language teaching.Interlanguage,Edinburgh:
20. Huang, C.-Y.(2004).Taipei, Taiwan,Ming Chuan University.
21. Li, Y.-C.(2003).Hsinchu, Taiwan,National Tsing Hua University.
22. Long, M. H.(1991).Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology.Foreign language research in cross-cultural perspective,Amsterdam:
23. Long, M. H.(2000).Focus on form in task-based language teaching.Language policy and pedagogy: Essays in honor of A. Ronald Walton,Amsterdam:
24. Long, M. H.,Crookes, G.(1992).Three approaches to task-based syllabus design.TESOL Quarterly,26(1),27-56.
25. Long, M. H.,Robinson, P.(1998).Focus on form: Theory, research and practice.Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition,New York:
26. Norris, J. M.,Ortega, L.(2000).Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis.Language Learning,50(3),417-528.
27. Richards, J. C.,Rodgers, T. S.(2001).Approaches and methods in language teaching.New York:Cambridge University Press.
28. Sharwood-Smith, M.(1993).Input enhancement in instructed SLA: Theoretical bases.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,15(2),165-179.
29. Spada, N.(1997).Form-focused instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research.Language Teaching,30(2),73-87.
30. Stein, M.(1998).Washington, D. C.,Georgetown University.
31. Swain, M.(1985).Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensive input and comprehensive output in its development.Input in second language acquisition,Cambridge, MA:
32. Swain, M.(1998).Focus on form through conscious reflection.Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition,New York:
33. The Government Information Office(2009).The Republic of China yearbook 2009.The Government Information Office.
34. White, J.(1998).Getting the learners' attention: A typographical input enhancement study.Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition,New York:
35. Williams. J.(1995).Focus on form in Communicative language teaching: Research findings and the classroom teacher.TESOL Journal,4(4),12-16.
36. Yeh, C.-W.(2007).Changhua, Taiwan,Dayeh University.
37. 施玉惠(1998)。高中英文科新課程標準的特色。英語教學，22(3)，43-47。
38. 陳免(2009)。打敗菜英文：保飯碗ABC成職場必備能力。今周刊，637，46-53。