被掩蓋的宗教正向心理功能：心理困擾對年輕成人快樂感和宗教參與之間關聯的影響

The Hidden Positive Psychological Function of Religion: The Influence of Distress on the Association between Young Adults' Happiness and Religious Involvement

10.30074/FJMH.202006_33(2).0002

范綱華(GANG-HUA FAN)

宗教參與 ； 快樂感 ； 心理困擾 ； 宗教功能 ； 自我選擇 ； religious involvement ； happiness ； distress ； religious function ； self-selection

中華心理衛生學刊

33卷2期（2020 / 06 / 01）

119 - 142

繁體中文

研究目的：西方社會有宗教信仰者的快樂感通常比沒有信仰者高，顯示宗教參與對個體具有正向心理功能；但台灣的研究卻鮮少發現宗教信仰和快樂感有顯著關聯。有學者主張這是因為宗教的正向心理功能受到宗教自我選擇作用壓抑之故；亦即：雖然宗教參與會提高個體快樂感，但因為台灣民眾信仰目的較具功利性，令遭逢生命困境而心理困擾程度較高者較容易自我選擇進入宗教，故宗教信徒的平均快樂感原本就比無宗教信仰者低，掩蓋了信仰宗教得到的心理益處。本文企圖以經驗資料檢證此假設。研究方法：本研究以台灣青少年成長歷程研究計畫2011年、2014年追蹤調查資料為分析樣本，採用心理困擾作為宗教自我選擇的風險因子，以多元迴歸模型檢視宗教對台灣年輕成人快樂感的正向影響是否受自我選擇作用抑制。研究結果：控制心理困擾與社會人口變項之後，宗教團體活動參與和快樂感的關聯由不顯著轉為正向顯著；研究結論：宗教參與對增進快樂感的正面功能會受到宗教自我選擇作用所掩蓋。

Purpose: In Western societies, people with a religious affiliation tend to be happier than those without, suggesting that religious involvement has positive psychological functions. In Taiwan, the association between religiosity and happiness is seldom found, perhaps because the positive psychological function of religion is often suppressed by the effect of self-selection in religion. That is, although religiosity may enhance happiness, the utilitarian purpose of religious affiliation may cause those who face difficulties or distress more likely to choose to associate with a religion. If their baseline level of happiness is lower than those who do not believe in a religion, the psychological benefits of religiosity may be hidden. This research empirically tests this self-selection hypothesis. Methods: Using 2011 and 2014 longitudinal survey data from the Taiwan Youth Project, I regarded psychological distress as a risk factor for religious self-selection and employed multiple regression analyses to examine whether the positive influence of religiosity on happiness is suppressed by religious self-selection among Taiwanese young adults. Results: Controlling for psychological distress and sociodemographic variables, the positive association between religious group activities and happiness became significant. Conclusions: The positive function of religious involvement on happiness is hidden by religious self-selection.

1. 王昭琪,張宏哲(2018)。臺灣地區中老年人宗教性與生活滿意度及憂鬱情緒之相關性研究。長期照護雜誌，22(2)，147-169。
   連結：
2. 郭士賢,張思嘉(2004)。華人生活世界中的多面向因果思維。本土心理學研究，21，233-267。
   連結：
3. 陳家倫,劉怡寧(2016)。界定宗教身分：缺乏宗教信仰面向的考察。社會科學論叢，10(1)，1-36。
   連結：
4. 葉雅馨,林家興(2006)。台灣民眾憂鬱程度與求助行為的調查研究。中華心理衛生學刊，19，125-148。
   連結：
5. 劉家勇(2015)。老年華人基督徒的靈性追求恢復本聖經閱讀小組之分析。生死學研究，17，73-119。
   連結：
6. Aneshensel, C. S.(Ed.),Phelan, J. C.(Ed.)(1999).Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health.New York, NY:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
7. Aneshensel, C. S.(Ed.),Phelan, J. C.(Ed.)(2013).Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health.New York, NY:Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publisher.
8. Argue, A.,Johnson, D. R.,White, L. K.(1999).Age and religiosity: evidence from a three-wave panel analysis.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,38(3),423-435.
9. Black, S.,Pössel, P.,Jeppsen, B.,Bjerg, A.,Wooldridge, D.(2015).Disclosure During Private Prayer as a Mediator Between Prayer Type and Mental Health in an Adult Christian Sample.Journal of Religion and Health,54(2),540-553.
10. Bloom, P.B.,Arikan, G.(2013).Religion and support for democracy: A cross-national test of the mediating mechanisms.British Journal of Political Science,43(2),375-397.
11. Childs, E.(2010).Religious attendance and happiness: Examining gaps in the current literature-A research note.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,49(3),550-560.
12. Clark, A. E.,Oswald, A. J.(1996).Satisfaction and Comparison Income.Journal of Public Economics,61,359-381.
13. Cox, H.,Hammonds, A.(1989).Religiosity, aging, and life satisfaction.Journal of Religion & Aging,5(1-2),1-21.
14. Dehejia, R.,DeLeire, T.,Luttmer, E. F.(2007).Insuring consumption and happiness through religious organizations.Journal of public Economics,91(1-2),259-279.
15. Ellison, C. G.(1991).Religious involvement and subjective well-being.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,32,80-99.
16. Ellison, C. G.,George, L. K.(1994).Religious involvement, social ties, and social support in a southeastern community.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,33,46-61.
17. Fan, G.,Wang W.,Fan, D.(2013).Is religion beneficial for Taiwanese adults’ mental health?.International Society for the Sociology of Religion 32nd Conference,Turku, Finland:
18. Ferriss, A. L.(2002).Religion and the quality of life.Journal of Happiness Studies,3(3),199-215.
19. Goldstein, E.,Topitzes, J.,Brown, R.L.,Barrett, B.(2018).Mediational pathways of meditation and exercise on mental health and perceived stress: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of Health Psychology
20. Harris, J.,Schoneman, S.,Carrera, S.(2005).Preferred Prayer Styles and Anxiety Control.Journal of Religion and Health,44(4),403-412.
21. Koenig, H. G.(Ed.)(1998).Handbook of Religion and Mental Health.CA:Academic Press.
22. Koenig, H. G.,McCullough, M. E.,Larson, D. B.(2001).Handbook of religion and health.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
23. Land, K. C.(Ed.),Michalos, A. C.(Ed.),Sirgy, M. J.(Ed.)(2012).Handbook of Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research.New York, NY:Springer.
24. Lim, C.,Putnam, R. D.(2010).Religion, social networks, and life satisfaction.American Sociological Review,75(6),914-933.
25. Liu, E. Y.(2009).Beyond the West: Religiosity and the sense of mastery in modern Taiwan.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,48,774-788.
26. Liu, E. Y.,Schieman, S.,Jang, S.J.(2011).Religiousness, spirituality, and psychological distress in Taiwan.Review of Religious Research,53,137-159.
27. Liu, E.,Koenig, H.,Wei, D.(2012).Discovering a Blissful Island: Religious Involvement and Happiness in Taiwan.Sociology of Religion,73(1),46-68.
28. Mirowsky, J.,Ross, C. E.(2003).Social causes of psychological distress.New York, NY:Aldine de Gruyter.
29. Peacock, J. R.,Poloma, M. M.(1999).Religiosity and life satisfaction across the life course.Social Indicators Research,48(3),321-345.
30. Pew Research Center. (2014) Global religious diversity: Half of the most religiously diverse countries are in Asia-Pacific Region. Retrieved December 28, 2017, from http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-diversity/.
31. Poloma, M. M.,Pendleton, B. F.(1991).The Effects of Prayer and Prayer Experiences on Measures of General Weil-Being.Journal of Psychology and Theology,19(1),71-83.
32. Putnam, R. D.,Campbell D. E.,Garrett, S. R.(2012).American Grace.New York, NY:Simon & Schuster.
33. Sherkat, D.,Ellison, C.(1999).Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion.Annual Review of Sociology,25,363-394.
34. Sonoda, S.(Ed)(2012).Emerging middle classes in East Asia.Tokyo:Keiso Shobo.
35. Stark, R.,Maier, J.(2008).Faith and happiness.Review of Religious Research,50(1),120-125.
36. Sternthal, M.J.,Williams, D. R.,Musick, M. A.,Buck, A. C.(2010).Depression, anxiety, and religious practice: a search for mediators.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,51(3),343-359.
37. ten Kate, J.,de Koster, W.,van der Waal, J.(2017).The effect of religiosity on life satisfaction in a secularized context: Assessing the relevance of believing and belonging.Review of Religious Research,59(2),135-155.
38. Tsai, J. L.,Knutson, B.K.,Fung, H. H.(2006).Cultural variation in affect valuation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,90,288-307.
39. Tsai, J. L.,Miao, F. F.,Seppala, E.(2007).Good feelings in Christianity and Buddhism: Religious differences in ideal affect.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,33,409-421.
40. Walsh, K. M.,Saab, B. J.,Farb N. A(2019).Effects of a mindfulness meditation app on subjective well-being: active randomized controlled trial and experience sampling study.Journal of Medical Internet Research,6(1),e10844.
41. Zeng, X.,Wang, R.,Oei, T. P. S.,Leung, F. Y. K.(2019).Heart of joy: a randomized controlled trail evaluating the effect of an appreciative joy meditation training on subjective well-being and attitudes.Mindfulness,10(3),506-515.
42. 王振寰（編）,瞿海源（編）(2009).社會學與台灣社會.台北:巨流出版社.
43. 李宗鴻,許芳瑞(2019)。宮廟休閒的快樂因子－以麥寮拱範宮信眾為例。社區永續觀光研究，3(1)，1-16。
44. 李彩鳳,吳麗芬,蘇惠珍(2013)。以靈性懷舊探討老年人生命意義的經驗。台灣高齡服務管理學刊，2(1)，83-112。
45. 林本炫(1998)。台北市，台灣大學社會學研究所。
46. 范綱華(2015)。宗教信仰與幸福感的關聯：社會選擇論與社會因果論的經驗證據。2015年台灣社會學會年會，高雄市:
47. 范綱華,蕭新煌(2013)。宗教信仰與主觀心理福祉：台港比較。面對挑戰：台灣與香港之比較，台北:
48. 張茂桂,林本炫(1992)。宗教的社會意向：一個知識社會學的課題。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，74，95-123。
49. 張珣(1985)。台灣不同宗教的信徒與組織之比較研究。台灣大學社會學刊，17，15-44。
50. 陳建廷,蘇慧慈,李壽展(2011)。老年人休閒生活之探討－以民間宗教活動為範疇。屏東教大體育，14，524-532。
51. 傅仰止,章英華,杜素豪,廖培珊(2015)。,台北:中央研究院社會學研究所。
52. 劉子曦(2017)。宗教信仰的代际传递：基于台湾地区的数据分析。社会学研究，1，193-216。
53. 鄭志明(2002)。華人的信仰心理與宗教行為。鵝湖月刊，27(12)，12-24。

1. 范綱華(2021)。宗教信仰對臺灣年輕成人主觀福祉的影響：貫時性資料的反事實分析。人口學刊，62，1-40。
2. 邱奕齊(2023)。COVID-19疫情衝擊下：閱讀宗教文學能提升情緒智力及生活品質滿意度？。管理實務與理論研究，17(3)，56-79。
3. 王維邦(2020)。社會關係催化的心理健康轉變。中華心理衛生學刊，33(2)，107-117。
4. (2023)。以佛法為基礎的老年人無限生命與業果信念量表編製及宗教相關變項之初探。中華心理衛生學刊，36(4)，387-424。