求助不簡單：自尊與情境對求助意願之影響

It's Not Easy to Ask for Help: The Effects of Self-Esteem and Help-Seeking Contexts on an Individual's Willingness to Seek Help

10.30074/FJMH.202203_35(1).0001

楊濟瑋(Ji-Wei Yang)；孫蒨如(Chien-Ru Sun)

自尊 ； 求助意願 ； 應得的信念 ； 求助情境 ； 威脅自尊模型 ； help-seeking ； self-esteem ； deservingness ； threat to self-esteem model ； burden context

中華心理衛生學刊

35卷1期（2022 / 03 / 01）

1 - 29

繁體中文

研究目的：過去探討自尊與主動求助行為的文獻多採用「自我威脅」的框架，相對忽略了高、低自尊個體若是在會造成他人負擔的情境中，求助意願是否會有不同的差異。近年有研究發現自尊與一個人是否認為自己值得遭遇到好事或好的對待有關，因此本研究假設當個體在求助情境中考慮到對他人的負擔時，高自尊者會因相信自己更值得接受他人幫助，而較低自尊者有更高的求助意願。研究方法：本研究採用實驗室實驗法，80名參與者被隨機分派至2（自尊操弄：高vs.低）×2（求助情境：威脅情境vs.負擔情境）受試者間設計。透過操弄個體的自尊以及面臨的求助情境，觀察求助意願的反應以及應得信念的中介效果。研究結果：研究結果大致符合本研究的預期，自尊在威脅情境中對求助意願沒有影響，但在負擔情境中高自尊者則展現出較高的求助意願。而調節中介模型的分析結果顯示自尊則透過應得信念的中介對求助意願產生影響，且此效果僅出現在負擔情境中，研究結論：顯示出自尊對求助意願的影響會因情境而有所改變。

Previous research proposed that asking for help might be seen as a lack of ability by individuals with high self-esteem, and that they are thus less likely to seek help as compared to those with low self-esteem. Other studies have suggested that the feeling of taxing others' resources may also prevent people from seeking help. Recent research indicated that self-esteem is related to deservingness beliefs (one's beliefs about whether one deserves good/bad outcomes). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to bring these research strands together to examine whether a person's self-esteem in different contexts influences that person's willingness to seek help. Method: A total of 80 participants were randomly assigned to 2 (self-esteem: high vs. low) × 2 (help-seeking context: threatening vs. burden) experimental conditions. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to probe the interaction between two independent variables and the mediation effect of deservingness beliefs. Result: The results indicated that only in the burden context were participants with higher self-esteem significantly more willing to seek help from others. Deservingness beliefs mediated the relationship. Conclusion: While previous research has shown that people with high self-esteem are reluctant to seek help, this study shows that people with high self-esteem are more willing to ask for help when the context highlights personal deservingness. Research limitations and future implications are discussed.

1. 王靖惠,王叢桂(2011)。社會比較與產品類別對補償性消費意願之影響：以狀態自尊為中介變項。應用心理研究，52，215-240。
   連結：
2. 孫蒨如,林慧慈,洪嘉欣(2017)。當自我資源耗竭面對維持正向自我評價需求時：自我調控的啟動與運作。中華心理學刊，59(3)，163-181。
   連結：
3. 張虹雯,王麗斐(2015)。當事人為什麼不求助？求助態度、求助意圖、求助行為之研究回顧與整合。輔導季刊，51(2)，31-41。
   連結：
4. Addis, M. E.,Mahalik, J. R.(2003).Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking.American Psychologist,58(1),5-14.
5. Baker, L. R.,McNulty, J. K.(2013).When low self-esteem encourages behaviors that risk rejection to increase interdependence: The role of relational self-construal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,104(6),995-1018.
6. Bolger, N.,Zuckerman, A.,Kessler, R. C.(2000).Invisible support and adjustment to stress.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(6),953-961.
7. Burke, M.,Kraut, R.(2013).Using facebook after losing a job: differential benefits of strong and weak ties.The 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work,San Antonio, Texas, USA:
8. Callan, M. J.,Kay, A. C.,Davidenko, N.,Ellard, J. H.(2009).The effects of justice motivation on memory for self- and other-relevant events.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(4),614-623.
9. Callan, M. J.,Kay, A. C.,Dawtry, R. J.(2014).Making sense of misfortune: Deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,107(1),142-162.
10. DePaulo, B. M.,Fisher, J. D.(1980).The costs of asking for help.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1(1),23-35.
11. Dunbar, M.,Ford, G.,Hunt, K.(1998).Why is the receipt of social support associated with increased psychological distress? An examination of three hypotheses.Psychology and health,13(3),527-544.
12. Fisher, J. D.,Harrison, C. L.,Nadler, A.(1978).Exploring the generalizability of donor-recipient similarity effects.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,4(4),627-630.
13. Fisher, J. D.,Nadler, A.(1974).The effect of similarity between donor and recipient on recipient’s reactions to aid.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,4(3),230-243.
14. Friedman, H. S.(Ed.),Silver, R. C.(Ed.)(2007).Foundations of health psychology.Oxford University Press.
15. Gleason, M. E.,Iida, M.,Bolger, N.,Shrout, P. E.(2003).Daily supportive equity in close relationships.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29(8),1036-1045.
16. Grayson, A.,Miller, H.,Clarke, D. D.(1998).Identifying barriers to help-seeking: a qualitative analysis of students’ preparedness to seek help from tutors.British Journal of Guidance and Counselling,26(2),237-253.
17. Greenberg, J.,Solomon, S.,Pyszczynski, T.,Rosenblatt, A.,Burling, J.,Lyon, D.,Simon, L.,Pinel, E.(1992).Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(6),913-922.
18. Greenberg, M. S.,Shapiro, S. P.(1971).Indebtedness: An adverse aspect of asking for and receiving help.Sociometry,2,290-301.
19. Gulliver, A.,Griffiths, K. M.,Christensen, H.(2010).Perceived barriers and facilitator to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review.BMC Psychiatry,10(1),113.
20. Hafer, C. L.,Bègue, L.(2005).Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges.Psychological Bulletin,131(1),128-167.
21. Hayes, A. F.(2018).Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional Process analysis: A regression-based approach.Guilford Press.
22. Hayes, A. F.(2013).Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach.Cuilford press.
23. Heatherton, T. F.,Polivy, J.(1991).Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60(6),895-910.
24. Heine, S. J.,Kitayama, S.,Lehman, D. R.,Takata, T.,Ide, E.,Leung, C.,Matsumoto, H.(2001).Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America: An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(4),599-615.
25. Kassin, S.,Fein, S.,Markus, H. R.(2010).Social psychology.Wadsworth.
26. Kernis, M. H.(2003).Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem.Psychological Inquiry,14(1),1-26.
27. Kim, H. S.,Sherman, D. K.,Taylor, S. E.(2008).Culture and social support.American Psychologist,63(6),518-526.
28. Leary, M. R.,Guadagno, J.(2011).The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of interpersonal behavior.Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications
29. Lerner, M. J.(1998).The two forms of belief in a just world: Some thoughts on why and how people care about justice.Responses to victimizations and belief in a just world
30. Lerner, M. J.(1980).The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion.Plenum Press.
31. Markus, H. R.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review,98(2),224-253.
32. Markus, H.,Kunda, Z.(1986).Stability and malleability of the self-concept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(4),858-866.
33. Nadler, A.(1987).Determinants of help seeking behaviour: The effects of helper’s similarity, task centrality and recipient’s self esteem.European Journal of Social Psychology,17(1),57-67.
34. Nadler, A.(2015).The other side of helping: Seeking and receiving help.The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior
35. Nadler, A.,Altman, A.,Fisher, J. D.(1979).Helping is not enough: Recipient’s reactions to aid as a function of positive and negative information about the self.Journal of Personality,47(4),615-628.
36. Nadler, A.,Fisher, J. D.(1986).The role of threat to self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reaction to help: Theory development and empirical validation.Advances in experimental social psychology
37. Nadler, A.,Fisher, J. D.,Streufert, S.(1976).When helping hurts: Effects of donor-recipient similarity and recipient self-esteem on reactions to aid.Journal of Personality,44(3),392.
38. Nadler, A.,Maler, S.,Friedman, A.(1984).Effects of helper’s sex, subjects’ androgyny, and self-evaluation on males’ and females’ willingness to seek and receive help.Sex Roles,10,327-339.
39. Nadler, A.,Mayseless, O.,Peri, N.,Chemennski, A.(1985).Effects of opportunity to reciprocate and self-esteem on help-seeking behavior.Journal of Personality,53(1),23-35.
40. Rattan, A.,Savani, K.,Naidu, N. V. R.,Dweck, C. S.(2012).Can everyone become highly intelligent? Cultural differences in and societal consequences of beliefs about the universal potential for intelligence.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103(5),787-803.
41. Rickwood, D.,Deane, F. P.,Wilson, C. J.,Ciarrochi, J.(2005).Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems.Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health,4(3),218-251.
42. Seidman, G.,Shrout, P. E.,Bolger, N.(2006).Why is enacted social support associated with increased distress? Using simulation to test two possible sources of spuriousness.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,32(1),52-65.
43. Taylor, S. E.(2015).Social cognition and health.APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 1. Attitudes and Social Cognition
44. Taylor, S. E.,Sherman, D. K.,Kim, H. S.,Jarcho, J.,Dunagan, M. S.(2004).Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87(3),354-362.
45. Tessler, R. C.,Schwartz, S. H.(1972).Help seeking self-esteem, and achievement motivation: An attributional analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,21(3),318-326.
46. Watson, D.,Clark, L. A.,Tellegen, A.(1988).Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54(6),1063-1070.
47. Weisbuch, M.,Sinclair, S. A.,Skorinko, J. L.,Eccleston, C. P.(2009).Self-esteem depends on the beholder: Effects or a subtle social value cue.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(1),143-148.
48. Wills, T. A.,DePaulo, B. M.(1991).Interpersonal analysis of the help-seeking process.Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective
49. Wood, J. V.,Heimpel, S. A.,Manwell, L. A.,Whittington, E. J.(2009).This mood is familiar and I don’t deserve to feel better anyway: Mechanisms underlying self-esteem differences in motivation to repair sad moods.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,96(2),363-380.
50. 翁儷禎(2002).推理思考測驗.測驗出版社.
51. 楊國樞（編）,黃光國（編）,楊中芳（編）(2005).華人本土心理學.遠流出版.