葡萄無子性狀遺傳與人工誘導無子化

Inheritance and Artificial Induction of Seedlessness in Grapes

陳柏源(Po-Yuan Chen)

無子葡萄 ； 鏈黴素 ； 激勃酸 ； Seedless grape ； Streptomycin ； Gibberellic acid

臺東區農業改良場研究彙報

34輯（2024 / 06 / 01）

17 - 28

繁體中文;英文

無子葡萄可做為鮮食與果乾等用途，因為食用方便，所以深受消費者喜愛。葡萄無子性狀遺傳機制相當複雜，目前已知MADS-box家族中的VvAGLll為調控葡萄略精結實無子性狀的主要基因。多種葡萄無子性狀之分子標誌已被開發，可利用標誌輔助育種，提高無子葡萄育種效率。除了以無子親本進行雜交選育之外，芽變及三倍體育種技術也能應用於無子葡萄育種。芽變為體細胞基因突變，無子性狀出現機率較低，但果實一般可維持親本優良風味。三倍體葡萄則因花粉與胚珠異常率高，無法完成正常之授粉受精，故種子大多無法正常發育，而形成無子果實。無子葡萄品種因缺乏種子發育過程生合成之植物荷爾蒙刺激，所以果實通常較小，需外施植物生長調節劑以促進著果及果實發育。由於傳統育種方法選育新的無子葡萄所需時間較長，因此人工誘導有子葡萄無子化之技術是目前生產無子葡萄的重要方法之一，主要於開花前透過鏈黴素與激勃酸之處理誘使花粉與胚珠發育異常，之後再利用激勃酸與福芬素促進果實發育，但會有無子率不穩定與穗梗木質化等問題，且不同品種之處理時機與濃度亦有所不同。

Seedless grapes are favored by consumers for their convenience and are utilized for table grapes and raisins. The inheritance of seedless characteristic is complex. It has been demonstrated that VvAGLII, which belongs to the MADs-box family, is the gene responsible for seedlessness in stenospermocarpic grapes. Several molecular markers linked to the seedlessness in grapes have been developed. With the use of marker-assisted selection, the breeding program for seedless grapes can be conducted more efficiently. In addition to conventional crossbreeding with seedless parents, other methods such as bud sport and triploid breeding can be also applied to obtain new seedless cultivars. Although the probability of seedless characteristic being selected from bud sport is relatively low, the sport progenies usually maintain the desirable traits from their parents. Therefore, bud sport is still a useful way to obtain a new seedless variety. The seeds of triploid grapes tend to abort during development, because of high abnormalities in pollens and ovules. Hence, triploid grape breeding is a practical method to produce seedless grapes. However, the berry size of seedless grape is typically small, due to the lack of stimulations from endogenous plant hormones produced from seeds. Thus, to induce fruit set and berry development, it is necessary to exogenously apply plant growth regulators. The conventional breeding of new seedless grapes is time-consuming, leading to the development of techniques for artificial induction of seedlessness in seeded culticvars. Application of streptomycin and gibberellic acid (GA_3) before blooming can induce abnormalities in development of pollens and ovules, followed by GA_3 and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) treatments to promote fruit set and berry development. Thus, seedless berries can be produced in seeded grape varieties. Nevertheless, this method has some problems such as unstable seedlessness and rachis lignification. The optimal application times and concentrations of different plant growth regulators vary among cultivars.